Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay - 1391 Words

Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird In the novel by Harper Lee named, To Kill a Mockingbird, there is one main tragic event that occurs. The feelings and expressions dealt with in the novel are seen through the eyes of the main character, named Scout. In the novel Tom Robinson is a black male accused of rape in Maycomb County. During the same time period as the novel there were many historical events that were almost identical in setting and conclusion. There were many things that happened leading up to the court case that foreshadowed Tom Robinson’s inability to be found innocent of the charges. The Scottsboro case and the case in the novel are similar in many ways, especially in that they ruined the lives of blacks over false†¦show more content†¦In the poverty-stricken parts of Huntsville where Bates spent her time, blacks and whites played together, drank together, and even sometimes slept together† (Scottsboro). It was as if these two women were taking out the anger of their own misfort unes on these innocent black boys. They had no reason to dislike the blacks other than they lived in a time period of racial hatred. The woman in the novel that makes the rape accusations lives in a similar setting to the women in the Scottsboro Trials, and her name is Mayella Ewell. She and her family were not wealthy people, and as a result were forced to live near the black community. Throughout the novel Mayellas father uses racial insinuations such as, â€Å"why, I run for Tate quick as I could. I knowed who it was, all right, lived down younder in that nigger-nest, passed the house every day. Jedge, I’ve asked this county for fifteen years to clean out that nest down younder, they’re dangerous to live around ‘sides devaluin’ my property—â€Å" (Lee 175). Mr. Ewell mentioned that the blacks are a nuisance to live near, which is ironic because the black community would probably say the same thing about him. Another reason that prevented black people a fair trial, was that lies were told, and readily accepted. The black community was not given any credibility inside, nor outside of the courthouse. The Scottsboro Boys Trial is a perfect example of a case built aroundShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom who and what surrounds us, things that help to form our identity. Prejudice is an integral theme in Harper Lee’s, To Kill A Mockingbird. Prejudice is evident throughout the novel, not just in the appalling racism but also through, prejudice against different sexual orientations, gender constructs and feminism. Society had certain constructs that had to be met. Throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee breaks the bounds to overcome barriers, and challenge social constructs. This feature article delvesRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesexample in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, the small town of Maycomb struggles with these aspects. Each character of the novel has a strong personality. Scout Finch is tough, always has an opinion, and is a tomboy. On the other hand Boo Radley stays hidden most of the time, but we all know he is actually a friend to Jem and Scout. Then there is Tom Robinson, a hardworking, strong, and innocent man. But what do all these characters have in common? They can all be analyzed as mockingbirds. ThroughoutRead More Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird In the early twentieth century, the United States was undergoing a dramatic social change. Slavery had been abolished decades before, but the southern states were still attempting to restrict social interaction among people of different races. In particular, blacks were subject to special Jim Crow laws which restricted their rights and attempted to keep the race inferior to whites. Even beyond these laws, however, blacks were feeling the pressure of prejudiceRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird816 Words   |  3 PagesThe novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee focuses on many themes but courage is mostly shown in the novel. In the novel, there are many examples where the characters have shown courage even when he/she knows that he/she is going to lose it. Atticus Finch is a great example of showing courage in the novel. He shows great courage because he defends a black man even though he knows he is going to lose the case. Another example of showing courage is Mrs. Dubos e. She shows courage because she wantsRead MoreEssay on Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird1054 Words   |  5 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Courage is the quality of mind that enables one to face danger with confidence, resolution, and gain a firm control of oneself. Many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird showed courage in their own way. Courage can come in many different forms: physical, mental, emotional and moral. Courage is not the only main theme displayed in To Kill a Mockingbird; prejudice and education are also very important themes exhibited throughout the progression of theRead More Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird The United States has been dealing with the issue of racism ever since Columbus landed on Plymouth Rock. The Indians were the first to endure harsh racism in this country. Pilgrims moving west ran them off their land wiping out many tribes and destroying many resources in their path. However, when many think of racism today, the issue of blacks and whites is the first to come to mind. African Americans have come a long way in today’s society as comparedRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee is novel set in a three year period through the ‘great depression’. Atticus Finch (Jem and scouts father) is originally portrayed as a friendly and understanding person, though when he attends court defending a ‘black man’ as his job, suddenly he and his family begin to suffer racial hatred from their community. The story features on the themes of racism, community morals and the r ealisation of certain truths whilst growing up. It is a fascinating novelRead MoreEssay on Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird2478 Words   |  10 PagesHarper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird During the 1930s, during the time when the novel was set, society was very different to what it is now. To Kill a Mockingbird is Harper Lees story about life in a small town in Southern America during the 1930s. The story is based in the state of Texas, Alabama, in this state slavery was very common and because of this it became to be known as the Slave State. The story involves Atticus Finch a lawyer who must defendRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay3848 Words   |  16 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird The story of To Kill a Mockingbird takes place during the 1930s in a small town in Alabama in the southern United States - much like the town where the author Harper Lee herself grew up. To understand what the book is saying about racism, you need to know something of the history of race relations in the southern USA. Plot ---- The novel is about three years in the life of the Finch family: Atticus and his son JemRead MoreEssay about Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird991 Words   |  4 Pagesbe a lady, don’t you?’ I said not particularly† (Lee). Jean Louise Finch is a tomboy growing up in a world where a girl is expected to become a lady. Submissive housewives and proper ladies were the expectations set for women in the time To Kill A Mockingbird took place. Scout Finch lived in a household that had a strong male influence; aside from Calpurnia, she had no real present example of what she was supposed to become. Because of this, Scout refused to conform to the ways of the rest of the

Vacationing Under the Big Sky Free Essays

In an obscure land lies Lone Mountain Peak. It soars into the Montana sky at 11,166 feet, and towers over the tiny community of Big Sky. This remote area is home to the Big Sky Ski Resort that was built in the 1970’s by the late news broadcaster Chet Huntley. We will write a custom essay sample on Vacationing Under the Big Sky or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also houses the newly built Moonlight Basin Resort. The small town of Big Sky has grown to be one of Montana’s most sought out year-round playground for recreationists. During the summer months, Big Sky is a golfer’s paradise, a fly fisher’s sanctuary and a whitewater rafter’s dream. As the temperature drops and winter emerges, strap on a set of snow skis and tear up the softest powder on one of 220 ski trails. Of course if Lone Mountain is too difficult of an undertaking, then hop on a snowmobile and take a nice and peaceful trip through the scenic trails of the Gallatin National Forest. Gallatin National Forest spans across 1. 8 million acres of land and includes six mountain ranges. As anyone can see, whether travelers are looking for a summer or winter destination, Big Sky Montana offers many fun-filled activities to meet everyone’s needs. In the beginning Big Sky was not the hotspot it is today. The U. S. obtained the territory that is now the State of Montana with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. During this time the territory was home to twelve Indian tribes, the Blackfeet, the Crow, and the Sioux just to name a few. The Indians called this territory â€Å"the first best place† and to them the land was very sacred. In the late 1890s, homesteaders began to settle in this area which prompted the U. S. and the Tribal Nations to construct a treaty creating what we know today as Indian reservations. In 1902, Augustus Franklin Crail, a small time rancher set up his homestead in what is now called Big Sky’s Meadow. After this, Big Sky was known as home to a small group of ranchers. In 1973, retired NBC newscaster Chet Huntley opened Big Sky Resort, and finally saw his dream come to life. Unfortunately, Huntley died of lung cancer in 1974 and never got to see its full potential. After his death, Boyne USA Resorts purchased the ski mountain and soon after Big Sky began to develop into what it is today. In 1995, Big Sky Resort built the Lone Peak Tram, escalating Big Sky’s vertical drop to 4,180 feet. In 2003, Moonlight Basin Resort opened its doors on the North side of Lone Peak. This resort was built to cater to adults seeking a rejuvenating getaway. In 2006, the two resorts partnered up to offer the Lone Peak Ticket, creating the biggest skiing area in America which is a total of, 5,512 acres. Today, Big Sky’s year-round population only adds up to about 2,200 residents. The ski mountain attracts 400 more seasonal residents in the winter, plus thousands of travelers from all over the world. As a result of the partnership and one of the largest ski areas around, the slopes are seldom crowded and Big Sky maintains its genuine small-town vibe. As the summer months approach and Big Sky thaws out the land comes to life. The summer season starts in June and ends in September. This is the best time to see the state’s historical, cultural and sightseeing attractions. Yellowstone National Park is a great choice for a passionate photographer looking for the next amazing shot. The park is swarming with an array of wildlife and astonishing natural features such as geysers and hot springs. In addition to sightseeing Big Sky offers many activities for the outdoor enthusiast. First go horseback riding in the fresh air through the Gallatin Valley. And then, jump on a mountain bike and navigate down one of many treacherous trails at Moonlight Basin. Next, take a chair lift ride through the tree tops to one of the three zip lines sure to thrill the adrenaline junky. Finally, take a swing at one of the three challenging golf courses designed by professional golfers. As far as Big Sky fishing the possibilities are endless. Madison and Gallatin Rivers sustain populations of Cutthroat, Rainbow, Brown and Brook trout as well as native Montana White Fish and Arctic Grayling. The Gallatin River also presents the most challenging rapids for the eager kayaker or whitewater rafter. When the snow falls, Big Sky flourishes. Skiers and snowboarders flock to Big Sky to shred up the largest area of ski terrain in North America. Skiing and snowboarding are Big Sky’s most popular winter activity. Altogether, Big Sky Resort and Moonlight Basin offer 5,512 acres, 220 ski runs, and 4,350 vertical feet, of accessible ski terrain. The twenty-six lifts are capable of moving 35,000 people per hour, but usually only carry about 2,500 riders per day. As a result there is no such thing as long waits in line at the lifts. For the kids at heart, Big Sky recently added an area to zip down a 500-foot run on a sled-like inner tube. In addition, explore hundreds of miles of trails in Big Sky and nearby areas via a snowmobile. There is a 120-mile trail designated just for this between Bozeman and West Yellowstone called the Big Sky Snowmobile Trail. On this ride you will see incredible snow covered mountain vistas and a wide variety of wildlife. Another popular form of transportation is a horse-drawn sleigh. Whether it is a romantic dinner for two or a relaxing outing with the whole family, the enchantment of a horse-drawn sleigh ride is sure to be an unforgettable one. Journey through and discover Yellowstone National Park by way of a snowmobile, snow coach, ski, or snowshoe. Most of the wildlife and geothermal sites are still active in Yellowstone during the winter months. However, tourists are few and far between. The parks wide variety of wildlife roams freely through the winter wonderland. Another site to be seen is when boiling water from one of the many hot springs breaks through the frozen surface hissing steam into the cold winter air. Winter in Yellowstone is spectacular, making it a surprisingly picturesque time to visit. Over the past forty years, Big Sky Montana has grown from a small ski town into a frequently sought out vacation destination. With the endless list of both summer and winter activities who could deny the fact that Big Sky is an awesome place to visit? In short, Big Sky Montana started out as one man’s dream and has flourished into one of the most desirable vacation destinations. Work Cited All Trips: Big Sky Montana. All Trips, 1995/2012. Web. 28 Aug. 2012 This website is a tell all guide for prospective vacationers looking to explore Big Sky Montana. It describes in depth the area’s geographical statistics such as maps, elevation, and general location. It also lists recreational activities for the spring, summer and winter months like: hiking, fishing, skiing, snowmobiling, horseback riding, and sightseeing in Yellowstone National Park. It describes lodging at Big Sky Resort, and Moonlight Basin Resort, and also mentions the local entertainment and dining options. The site has many links to other related websites that would also be helpful in exploring the area. This website is a very reliable and helpful resource for writing my essay. It gave me the information I needed to accurately describe what Big Sky Montana has to offer to vacationers. Big Sky Montana. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Aug. 2012 This website is a guide to exploring the remote area of Big Sky Montana. It provides you with all the necessary information pertinent to the area like he terrain, including the details of the mountains surrounding the area. It lists and gives a brief description of all the activities, lodging, local entertainment, and current events. The main page also has a link to look for vacancy at all the local resorts and hotels. It is a one stop place to answer all your questions about vacationing in Big Sky Montana. This website is a very reliable and helpful resource for writing my essay. It gave me the information I needed for my essay to accurately describe what the small town of Big Sky Montana has to offer to its vacationers. Juneau, Denise. â€Å"Indian Education for All: Montana Indians – Their History and Location. † Montana Office of Public Instruction, April 2009. Web. 5 Oct 2012 This eighty-three page pamphlet was published as an educational tool by the State of Montana’s Public Instruction Office for use in Montana’s public schools. It discusses in length the history, culture and traditions of each of the twelve Montana Indian tribes. It explains the changes that have occurred since the treaty between the U. S. and Tribal Nations which formed the Indian reservations that are still there today. Lastly it lists chronologically each major event that impacted the Indian tribes. This list starts in 1972 with Montana legislature adopting a new article stating that the State recognizes the unique cultural heritage of the American Indian, and committing to its educational goals to the preservation of their cultural heritage. This article supplied the facts on needed for my essay about the history of the territory which is now the State of Montana. Moonlight Basin Resort. N. p. ,n. d. Web. 4 Oct 2012 How to cite Vacationing Under the Big Sky, Papers

The Runner Shop Case free essay sample

Audit documentation is the written record of the basis for the auditors conclusions that provides the support for the auditors representations. In addition, audit documentation includes records of the planning and performance of the work, the procedures performed, evidence obtained, and conclusions reached by the auditor. Audit documentation also may be referred to as work papers or working papers. In the runners shop case, audit documentation is significant for the audit work performed by Green and Brown, LLP, it has specific purpose to support the audit work. As we know, audit documentation has significant role in auditing because it enables auditors to provide reasonable assurance for clients. From reading the cases, Green and Brown, LLP has specific firm guidelines for audit documentation. Those guidelines have significant benefits in auditing the firm. According to the firm guideline, â€Å"tile, source of schedule, work performed, indexing, and tick mark should be included in the audit documentation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Runner Shop Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The benefits of guideline include: 1. The titles allow auditor quickly identifies the specific client and schedule purpose. 2. Indicating of source of schedule enable auditors make accurate audit testing on the client prepared documents and facilitates planning for the next audit period. 3. Work Performed clearly identifying who performed the work facilitates determination of follow-up questions that arise as well as planning for the next audit period. Signing initials enforce auditors to take the reasonability of preparing for the documents. 4. The organized indexing helps auditors to make a better cross-referencing. 5. Tick mark make sure that the specific work performed is correctly noted. Although Green and Brown, LLP provide guidelines for audit documentation, there are several deficiencies on the enclosed schedules. 2. No indication that FI 111 was prepared by company. 3. FI 111 does not include a reference for fixed asset addition. For the schedule FI 111 suggested entire loan of the two banks should be classified as current liability since TRS violated loan agreement. 5. The loan payment term for the First commercial bank is not verified. 6. Only Mary Lewis has review the FI 112 schedule and no one else. 7. The last interest payment dates on schedule F1 112 were not verified. 8. For schedule FI 113, the difference between estimated interest expense and actual interest expense should be compared to tolerable misstatement to etermine whether additional work was required The PCAOB â€Å"Audit Documentation† standard requires that the documentation be sufficient for an experienced auditor who had no association with the engagement be able to achieve two objectives: 1. Understand the nature, timing, extent and results of the procedures performed, evidence obtained and conclusions reached. 2. Determine who performed the work and the date such work was completed as well as the person who reviewed the work and the date such review occurred.

What Does The American Flag Mean To Me Essays - Vexillology

What Does the American Flag Mean to Me? Freedom. Justice. History. The flag of the United States has a different meaning to it for every person. Whether it's just standing up in class everyday at school and saying the Pledge of Allegiance or if we really have respect for our countries flag. When you say the Pledge of Allegiance, do you really mean what you say? Do you even think about the words that are coming out of your mouth? While I was thinking about what to write for this essay, these questions got me thinking. What does the flag really mean? What was the purpose of it being made? I've always wondered why they chose the colors red, white, and blue to use in the flag and why only thirteen red and white stripes? I learned that the stripes represent the original thirteen colonies. Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. There was an issue when two new states, Kentucky and Vermont, were added to the Union. They were debating whether to add two more stars and stripes to the flag or not. The result was that they did end up added the two new states onto the flag. Later, they noticed that for every new state that was made, they would have to add a new star and a stripe. Someone finally suggested that we change the stripes back to thirteen to represent the first thirteen states that the United States admitted in our country. They would only add a star or each new state admitted. That was successfully followed through. We now have thirteen stripes and fifty stars on the flag. I think that the history of the flag and what the symbols are really important to knowing what the flag represents. Many people may disagree with me and think that the history isn't the most important fact to know about the flag. Maybe you may think that it is all about who made the flag, if what the Pledge of Allegiance means, or what the flag was made for in the first place. Maybe you even think about what the Star- Spangled Banner really talks about when you sing it. These are all important things to think and know about. The flag is really valuable and should be respected by every citizen.

Pronouncing the Spanish K and Q in Spanish

Pronouncing the Spanish K and Q in Spanish The Spanish k is pronounced basically the same as it usually is in English, except perhaps a bit softer, often something like the c in scatter. The q is pronounced the same. As in English, the Spanish q is always followed by a u except in a very few words of foreign origin. Spanish is even more particular in the sequences in which the q is used: the qu is always followed by by an e or an i, and the u is silent. Thus que is pronounced something like keh would be in English and quien is pronounced something like kyen. The sound is also the same as the c sound except when the c precedes an e or i. In order to maintain the correct pronunciation, the Spanish cognates of English words with qua or quo are often spelled with a c in Spanish instead. Thus the Spanish word for quartz is cuarzo, and the word for quota is cuota. The k is rare in Spanish, used almost exclusively for words of foreign origin such as kilo and kayak. In the audio lesson on pronouncing the k and q  sounds  you will hear the phrase quà © tal and the number quince spoken by native speakers.

Brannigan Foods

Suggested Strategy 1) Raise Investments in Dry Soups / Healthier Soups / Fast Meals 2) Increase advertising investment in Fast Simple Soup meals and Heart Healthy Soup line. ïÆ'   Fast Simple Soup meals addresses the market demand created by professionals and working mothers looking for quick, healthy meal. Sales of this line are growing @ 12%. Interesting to see this is growing without advertising so why spend? ïÆ'   Heart Healthy Soup line with low-sodium is well positioned to address the concerns of the over-50 consumers. 3) Provide promotional couponing and sampling of hot new flavors, in particular dry mix Gazpacho and Teriyaki Beef Fast Simple meal. Why these two? ïÆ'   Gazpacho increases sales during warmer months, decreasing seasonality. ïÆ'   Teriyaki beef positions company in fast growing Asian soups category. 4) Continue to promote dry soups, even if they cannibalize Ready-to-Eat (RTE) soups. Bottom Line Srikant wants to increase advertising and promo spending by $18 million. He thinks this should help stop the slide in sales and market share, but this will also reduce next year’s profits. Whats wrong with this proposal? The CEO will not like that profits will be revised downward in 2013. Plus although the trend in the future was toward healthier options, it didn’t necessarily mean this will come to fruition as close to 70% of the US was overweight and interested in changing their eating habits so why chase a trend which may not even be working? Claire Mackey – Director of Finance Planning Suggested Strategy MA, Claire wants to buy a small competitor who offers healthy and more convenient soups as well as flavors that are gaining in popularity (Mexican, Southeast Asian) Bottom Line Claire likes Red Dragon Foods the best; they have $36 million in sales EBITDA $4.2million. Acquisition will probably add around 1.5 to 3.5% to sales within five years. Red Dragon will cannibalize less than 0.3% of total sales. Acquisition would be reasonably cheap in terms of hitting profit. Clark is looking for minimum ROI of 10% after five years of sales. What’s wrong with this proposal? The company acquired Annabelle’s Foods soups division five years ago and that acquisition had high hopes as well, the acquisition has been a nightmare since. It was only supposed to take two years to breakeven but it ended up taking five. Anna Chong Head of R D / Chief Innovation Officer Strategy Best option isn’t to buy another company with products they can easily duplicate Milk the cash cows and invest in rising stars. Increase ad and promo support spending for new products. Helps longer term. Develop new products internally instead of buying a company! Increased spending for the new Ready to Eat (RTE) products from RD including Raise RD budget to $19 million from $14 million to increase pace of new product creation and development. (Examples in case) Bottom Line Invest in the company, don’t buy another brand, focus on what you have and put $ into RD What’s wrong with this proposal? Many new products are bombs, as in the past. Low success rate for new products in the industry. However, Anna had some good ideas as the innovation was taking off from a customer standpoint. New RTE flavors were a good dieas as they can increase price per can to $0.10 which means net earnings will be increase of $12 million after spending 6% of the proposed advertising budget just for these specific new prodcuts. Bob Pugh, VP Sales Marketing Strategy Take a $0.05 cent price per can cut on the core RTE wet soups. These account for 64% of division sales and 71% of total profit. (This will eat into profits) Increase Advertising and Promo budget by $20 million to get back market share for the brand, as it was taken away in recent years due to slowdown in AP spend. Bottom Line What’s wrong with the proposal?

Yellow Womanand Hills Like White Elephants Essay

Yellow Womanand Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example Leslie Silko, in her short story, â€Å"Yellow Woman†, has tried to explore boundaries between tradition and modernity, and between myth and reality. The narrator is a young, married woman, who enjoys a brief affair with a strange man named Silva in a faraway place near the waters. The myth of the Yellow Woman and the katsina spirit of the mountain is brought into question, as Silva calls her his Yellow Woman, luring her into going with him. When the woman returns to her home in Peublo, she finds herself meeting the reality, but she still waits for Silva to return to her one day and take her with him, like the katsina spirit of the mountain took the Yellow Woman with him. Silko has described how the modern day woman is in search of her sexual and gender identity, and how she uses her imagination to feel in love with a man dominating her, as we read, â€Å"You don’t understand, do you, little Yellow Woman? You will do what I want,† says Silva to her (Silko 370). T he woman is in search of a man who loves her, but comes back to reality much sooner than she realizes that it is all over. Earnest Hemingway, in the short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, has also made use of symbolism, like Silko did in her story. Silko symbolized the modern woman with the Yellow Woman, and the stranger named Silva with the katsina spirit. Likewise, Hemingway symbolizes the mountains with elephants. For the heroin of the story, Jig, mountains seemed like white elephants, slow and stable. She wanted to have the child so that her stable married life could start. The man did not want the child, as for him, life would become slow and stagnant just like the mountains. Jig was in search of her new identity as a mother, and the man wanted to reject this new identity by having the child aborted. Hence, we see that the two characters are faced with the dilemma of either choosing or rejecting their new identities as parents. But, Jig admitted to the man’s idea of abortion because

Eng 1010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eng 1010 - Essay Example In addition, it has superior display and graphics as compared to other phones in the market. The display options it provides are quite exciting because they provide the feel of using a computer, rather than just a phone. Its 6 Plus 5.5-inch monitor with high-resolution Retina HD display is remarkable, in addition to its protective capabilities. Apart from that, the iPhone has fast internet connectivity, which is convenient for intense web browsing and email applications. Excellent internet, coupled with a Dual-core 1.4 GHz Cyclone (ARM v8-based) processor, makes multitasking easy. IPhone 6 is undoubtedly a badly efficient and exceedingly powerful phone device whose stylish nature appeals to a great (but wealthy) section of the populace. Despite its advantages, the iPhone presents several imperfections, just like any other hi-tech device. Its main shortcoming is that it is considerably costly as compared to its competitors. Even so, its prestige lies on its expensive nature, so that only a few people can afford it and have boasting rights. In addition, its internal memory is non-expandable, and this means that an iPhone user can only use downloads that are originally available on the gadget. I dislike it because I am limited to downloading music from its music stores, rather than transferring my own music and movies. Its other notable disadvantages include the inability to remove its Li-Po battery for charging, and its lack of water resistance. Considering the iPhone 6 lacks some features that android phones have, it is still not a superior phone globally. In addition, considering there are phones such as Samsung Galaxy S5 that are certified as waterproof, the iPhone 6 is still at a disadvantage. Owing to its impressive features and prestige values, the iPhone is worth its price. As long as one can afford it, then it is worth the price. It is not advisable if an overzealous person has to save money to purchase one, merely to impress

Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay Example for Free

Organization Theory and behavior-power and authority Essay Achievement of organizational objective depends on organization structure which is dynamic. Organization structure defines the flow of power and authority geared toward a particular course of action directed by organization’s objective. For organization structure to help to organization objective it is dependent on the employees. Employees operation are guided by the organization supervisors, whose their role is defined in the organization structures. Supervisor operations are dependent of power and authority which help to ensure things in an organization are done in the right way as well as achieving organization goals and objective. In organization management power and authority are very important as they help the organization to be able to direct organization employee toward organizational goals. Power and authority are dependent on the leadership model in an organization. Organizational managers are the leaders who employees report to hence their performance is dependent on the leadership offered by the manager. Achievement of organizational goal shall only be possible if power and authority are employed effectively. Authority and power helps the management to be able to create a productive culture through social process to guide employees’ capacity towards attaining organization goals and objectives. Power and authority helps the leader â€Å"†¦to create, maintain and improve a culture so that people will achieve objective (purpose) and continue to do so over time†¦Leadership in an organizations is a more specific process of influence since it involves goal that have been specified and can be measured or at least evaluated achieved only through employment of power and authority)† (Macdonald, Burke Stewart (2006) pp 80). To influence employees toward organization goal, management can employ three ways according to Macdonald, Burke Stewart (2006). That is force, manipulation and persuasion. Use of force by the management involves employment of force as well as real application of physical force to compel employees to work. Concept of force requires power to as it call for imposing one person against other employees, often referred to as coercion. Manipulation takes form of social distortion which direct requires the subject to do as they are told without asking questions. Manipulation is different force in that there is no coercion and employees are convinced that they are doing the right thing. Persuasion in an organization attempt to influence the employee to act in a certain way geared towards achieving organizational objectives without force or manipulation. It is dependent on will of the employee and mutual trust. Employment of force manipulation in an organization is dependent on the power and authority bestowed to the various leader or supervisors in the organizational operations. In an organization, authority is provided for by the organizational structure. Organizational structure grants an outline formal distribution of authority in an organization. Authority in an organization is largely provided for by formalization meaning standardized as well as rule and regulations that govern employee operations. Formalization defines the discretion in which an employee can act in his/her duties. â€Å"In an organization with high degrees of formalization, job descriptions and policies provide clear direction. Where formalization is low, employees have a great deal of freedom in deciding how to conduct their work†. In an organization different department exhibit different degree of formalization which may be base on the qualification of the employee to the organization affairs or rank of the employee. Authority is related to power in that it legitimizes supervisors to be able to direct and control subordinates to the intended course of action. Authority helps the supervisor to make decision geared towards organizational objective. Organization has three form of authority namely line authority, staff authority as well as team authority all distributed in the organizational structure. Line authority refers to straight supervisory form superior to subordinate organized such that it flows from top to the bottom of organization structure. Organization structure gives the chain of command which is unbroken line of command defining the decision, making process within an organization. Chain of command defining the authority of different personality in an organization helps employees to know who they are answerable to. This helps to avoid problem of duplication organization activities which comes due to more than one person assigning duties. Line of authority which is the basis of chain of command is linked to line department which are directly connected to production and sales of the organizational products. Examples of line department are marketing and production responsible for performance of the employees and reward. Staff authority as compared to line authority is more pegged to authority to advice base on the expertise and involves advising line managers. Employees help the line departments in coming up with the advices to be used for decision making but they lack authority to make the last decision. Staff supervision through suggestions made by line department decides on what is to be carried in the line department, coordinate as well as provide technical assistance. Team authority is executed by work teams responsible for daily operations in an organization. It comprises of groups of operating employees responsible for coordination of the organization operations. Team based structure as define under team authority in an organization organizes separate functions based on the overall organizational objectives. Authority is dependent to power such that for a supervisor to be able to get things done in accordance to the objectives of the organization power is required. â€Å"Everyone has power in one form or another and it is by exercising this power that organization get thing accomplished. Supervisors who are capable of achieving their objective independently of others are said to possess strength†. To be able to include people in the plan as well as organizational activities, supervisor requires power to get organizational things accomplished. Therefore, power is capability to apply influence in the organizational ahead of authority. This is gotten from the position as established by the organizational structure. In an organization a legitimate power bestowed to various leaders in an organization is established by individual position according to organizational hierarchy. Other forms of power include coercive power, reward power, expert power, referent power as well as information power. Supervisors’ power toward course of action depends on influence in the organization giving authority which may be centralized or decentralized. Centralization means the decision making power is concentrated on top of the management while in decentralization form of decision making authority is in lower level of employees. Relation of authority and power is that authority is the legitimate power of a supervisor to be able to direct employee to a certain course of action in accordance to organization goals. In a nutshell authority is a form of power delegated from the organization main authorities to subordinate.

John F. Kennedy Essay -- essays research papers

John F. Kennedy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though John F. Kennedy was only president for a short time, he inspired American patriotism and united a nation behind a common goal for peace. Kennedy was an influential man and a great leader. His faith was tested by the obstacles he had to overcome, but President Kennedy always lead his country with dignity and pride.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. Known as â€Å"Jack†, he was the second child born to Joseph and Rose Kennedy. Jack was named after his grandfather, John Francis Fitzgerald. He had an older brother named Joe Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jack was one year old, his sister Rosemary was born. She was mentally retarded. Joseph and Rose later had six more children, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Teddy (Weidman 1). Jack was very sick as a child. At age three, he became seriously ill with Scarlet Fever. He remained in recovery for three months. Jack constantly suffered from allergies, colds or bronchitis. When he was ten, the Kennedys moved to Bronksville, New York to escape religious prejudice. They were Irish Roman Catholics and had faced many hardships because of their religion in Massachusetts. During this time he attended Riverdale Country Day School.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During his childhood years, Jack felt overshadowed by his older brother Joe. They constantly competed with one another. Whether it was sports or school, Jack and Joe always tried to outdo one another. They once had a bicycle race and collided at the finish line. Joe came out Hamner 2 without a scratch while Jack needed twenty-eight stitches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack became interested in politics at a young age. He and his family would discuss world events every evening at dinner. Jack learned a lot about politics from his grandfather John Fitzgerald. He was a famous lawyer and politician from Boston. Jack listened to his political speeches and attended political rallies. He also went with his grandfather as he campaigned. Jack read the newspaper everyday and many books dealing with history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jack turned fourteen, he followed his older brother to Choate School for Boys in Wallingford, Connecticut. There he participated in many sports. Still, his allergies and other sicknes... ...focused on Jacqueline Kennedy. Still, she never faltered and her dignity was majestic. With her children in hand, she kissed the flag that was draped over her husband’s coffin. The next day, the president was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. As the coffin passed by the family, three-year-old John-John raised his right hand and saluted his father. That single image was stamped in the minds of all Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the days after the funeral, there were many unanswered questions. A book was written called The Warren Affair that described in detail how Lee Harvey Oswald might have shot the president. The investigations never ceased, as an accurate answer is still yet to be found (Stein 1-29). Hamner 8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John F. Kennedy was a president that will always be remembered for his dedication and devotion to the United States of America. He believed that the forces that bring people together are much stronger than those that divide them. President Kennedy has gone down in history as being a president who never lost hope in his country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Chic Soap

You are asked to help formulate the IMC approach for the entrepreneur starting Chic Soap. The concept behind Chic Soap is simple; it sets out to incorporate fashionable perfumes such as Obsession, Raffinee and Opium into a high quality white soap base. The product would then be packaged using the logo of the perfume plus a Chic Soap common background. The advantages for the perfume supplier are: a guaranteed outlet for its perfumes at full retail prices; and a low cost trial route for potential customers.The advantages for Chic Soap are: the use of already established perfume concepts to promote the soap; and access to the distribution achieved by the perfumes. You are asked to identify the segment towards which the product is directed, the product benefit that is on offer, the way in which the segment will be serviced; how the distribution channel will be supported, what promotional planning will need to be included and an outline cash flow. The distribution channels available for t he sale of toilet soaps of various qualities are independent chemists, department stores, multiple chemists, supermarkets, and grocers.There were an estimated 200,000 outlets selling soap in the United Kingdom. Most of these sold mass market products which retailed at 0. 25 per 150 gm bar. Premium soaps made up only a small proportion of the market and were available in a limited number of outlets which included independent chemists and department stores. The main competitive products in the premium sector were soaps such as Roger and Gallet, Penhaligon range, Yardley, Morley and three internationally available premium soaps. The prices for the 150gm bar for the 5 main ranges were: 1. 60, 1. 75, 1. 85, 1.95, 1. 45.There was some evidence that the price elasticity of the premium product sector was fairly low. Consumers bought the product primarily on perfume and image rather than any other product attribute. Very high prices were charged for soaps that were part of ranges such as Riv e Gauche; around 5 00 for the 150 gram equivalent. As the companies sold very little soap in these ranges they were not particularly worried about the effects of other products cannibalising brand sales. They were prepared to see Chic Soaps take on the sales of perfumed soap to a wider market.The size of the total toilet soap market was around 190 million at retail. The top quality premium soap market was estimated to be 7 per cent of the total; it was growing slowly as the deodorant market came under pressure because of the environmental problems associated with aerosol sprays; other growth factors included the expansion in showers, and the expansion in the number of single homes. Retail outlets made about 20 per cent gross on premium soaps. They tended to hold only limited stocks, and did not therefore want the product in as large a quantity as mass market products which were available in cartons containing 50 or 100 bars.Many of the independent chemists were serviced through whol esalers. Such wholesalers accounted for about 70 per cent of the market. Wholesalers expected to make around 8 per cent. There were about 100 wholesalers that serviced the independent chemist; of these around 20 national chains accounted for 80 per cent of the total business. The national department stores (around 350) bought product direct. Research suggested that the main consumer of premium soaps was female 35+, socio-economic group A, concentrated in the South East of England and in large cities elsewhere.The average purchase of the 150 gramme soap was once every 3 weeks. An increasing proportion of the soap was bought as gifts, especially at Christmas. In the previous year, around 25 per cent of the total premium soap sector was purchased during the period early November to late December. Most advertising in the sector was in women's magazines. It was estimated that it would cost around 100 to reach every 2000 consumers in the appropriate socio-economic group. The competition a dvertised heavily; average expenditure for the leading companies was around 400,000 per annum.8. A sales representative would cost around 12,000 per annum; a company car would be 3,000 per annum. Such a sales representative could visit either 500 outlets direct or deal with 15 chains of wholesalers. The costs of packaging would be high. High quality packaging with the appropriate perfume design on the label would cost 0. 14 per unit; with a minimum print run of 40,000 units. It was anticipated that gift packs of the five perfumed soaps for the Christmas season would be an additional 0. 45 to produce with a minimum production run of 25,000 units.The company had access to five of the leading perfumes in the country. These accounted for approximately 20 per cent of total fragrance sales – the market has been and will remain highly fragmented. The costs of incorporating the perfume in the soap was 0. 40 per unit based on a minimum annual quantity of 300,000 units; 0. 65 per unit based on an annual quantity of 200,000 units, and 0. 80 on an annual quantity of 100,000 units. The soap base was widely available from a number of alternative suppliers.Costs varied considerably from year to year depending on the commodity market; in the year of the plan the base costs for a 150 gram bar were 0. 08 for the highest quality. Filling, molding and packing machinery could be bought from a variety of sources. A small but complete production line would cost around 25,000; it would be able to produce 1200 units per hour, and would occupy 2000 square feet of factory space. Changing the perfume and the packaging for each new production run would take around 2 hours. The production process would require skilled staff to monitor quality.It was estimated that three individuals would be needed, with an annual base salary of 35,000. 14. Research showed that the typical consumer perceived premium soap as ‘a touch of luxury'; an element of sophistication in an otherwise borin g existence; a low cost way of giving a gift which would be appreciated. The main consumer interested in a changing range of exotic soaps was the working woman aged 25 – 45; over that age purchase patterns tended to become static. The company could use national parcel carriers to distribute the products to the customer. It would cost on average 0.50 per kilo; though deliveries outside the immediate area would be considerably more expensive.The company had initially decided to locate near to the main source of demand in the South East of England. There were a number of sites that had proved suitable for the location of the factory. The costs for the required 4000 square feet were on average 25000 per annum. The new business rate would add 5000 to these costs. Variable production costs per soap bar – in excess of raw materials and labor – were estimated to be 0. 02, consisting of energy and maintenance costs.

Environmental Policy and Sustainability Essay

According to the EPA, â€Å"environmental justice† refers to that people regardless of their caste, creed, religion, race, place of origin, socio-economic status, etc, should be given fair treatment and equality with regard to the development, execution and enforcement of environmental rules and regulations. Based on environment issues, no group or religion should be given preferences or abused. The negative or positive consequences of the environment that may develop out of municipal, commercial or industrial strategies should be borne proportionately by all the groups and people. The federal, state, local and other policies meant to protect the environment should not affect a particular group adversely (Maryland Department of Environment, 2009). In the state of Maryland, the Commission on Environmental Justice and Sustainable Communities has been organizing a dialogue session with citizens, groups and the local leaders to address any environmental issue. Special importance is given to the needs of the minorities and the low family income groups in the state of Maryland. Four such programs were held in different parts of Maryland in the October-November 2003. Importance is given to sustainable environment development, protection of the communities and programs that would benefit the community and the environment. The EJ Commission has strong relationships with the state and federal governments and discussions held during the meeting would be reflected in the state and federal policies. The EJ has also prepared a list of environmental indicators that could help to improve the environmental status (Maryland Department of Environment, 2004). b. Why are finding solutions to environmental problems so complicated? Frequently, it has been seen that the environmental problems may not be simple ones. If the environmental problem is a simple issue, it would be having complex mechanisms behind itself that involves several processes and structures through strong interrelationships. As the environment problems are complicated themselves, finding a solution to them is also complicated and advanced. One way of sorting out environmental problems and reducing their complexity would be to utilize flow modeling solutions which can consider several horizontal, vertical or parallel processes or structures. Based on the flow diagram and the various issues that may arise, the reality can be visualized and modified appropriately. References Cone, J. D. (1980). Environmental Problems / Behavioral Solutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maryland Department of Environment Justice (2009). What is Environmental Justice? Retrieved on June 25, 2009, from Web site: http://www. mde. state. md. us/Programs/MultimediaPrograms/Environmental_Justice/ej_intro/index. asp Maryland Department of Environment Justice (2009). Public Dialogue Executive Summary, Retrieved on June 25, 2009, from Web site: http://www. mde. state. md. us/assets/document/environmental_justice/Public%20Dialogues%20Exec%20Summary. pdf

How extensive was african culture on colonial america essays

How extensive was african culture on colonial america essays From as early as the mid 16th century Africans were being involuntarily taken to colonial America to provide labour as slaves as what came to be known as the slave trade. It is believed that by 1775, the time of the American Revolution that slaves made up 1/5 of the American population, a figure that had risen to 1/3 by 1860. The demographics of the slave trade in the fact that vast numbers of Africans were being taken to America meant that there was definite and almost inevitable influence from African culture present in colonial America by 1860. Naturally African culture lived on in America through Afro-American salves. This culture was evolved and adapted over time as the slave population reproduced itself developing its own culture which held continuity with their ancestral African roots as well as holding continuity with colonial white culture from which emerged a hybrid society. A predominant example of this can be seen in religion, whilst many slaves adopted Christianity, a white religion, the presence of African influence in their religious practice is undeniable such as call and response sermons as well as music and dance being common place. It can also be argued that African culture influenced colonial whites but the extent of this influence is open to debate. However, it is the hypothesis of this essay that African culture was heavily influential in three major areas of colonial life; the church, family and folklore. This influence was predominantly within Afro-Americans but colonial whites were also influenced by African culture to considerably extent but rarely acknowledged this. The colonial society that was born out of this period was symbiotic; a fusion of African culture with the values and principles of the old world gained from European settlers in America. To answer this answer this question in its entirety it is important to understand the slave trade and the ethnic diversi...

Development a brain controlled prosthetic hand Research Paper

Development a brain controlled prosthetic hand - Research Paper Example The recorded brain signals are then used to control a physical or virtual device that carries out a task according to the user's intent. The first step we took when designing the prosthetic hand was to decide on the best control mechanism for finger movement. The goal for our design was to minimize the number of actuators necessary to control the movement of the finger and simplify the equations needed to describe the motion of the finger. The first proposal, which was the tension controlled model, consisted of the three joints of the finger, with a cable attached to a fixed point on each link of the finger which was run back through the finger to an actuator mechanism at the hand or behind the wrist. For this model, each joint would have a compliant mechanism which forced the resting state of the links to be in the bent position. The second approach for this design has the complaint mechanisms such that the resting state for the links is in the straightened positions. A second design proposal included the use of pneumatic systems to drive the bending or unbending of the fingers. In this proposal small tubes could be used to fill with either air or liquid to actuate the finger. The noise would create the same discomfort for the user as non life-like prosthetics. The third proposal for the finger design wa... In this proposal small tubes could be used to fill with either air or liquid to actuate the finger. The noise would create the same discomfort for the user as non life-like prosthetics. The third proposal for the finger design was a pulley system to control each joint independently. Pulley's would be placed at each joint in the finger, and would be independently controlled by its own wire. Therefore, when the actuator is active, the fingers will bend and hold their positions. When the actuator becomes inactive, the compliant mechanism would return the fingers to their straightened positions. In the designs described above, a pulley at each joint in the finger would have a cable wrapped around it just enough for it to actuate the exact number of degrees of rotation required at that joint. It may be possible to use flexinol in place of the motors, but testing would need to be completed to confirm that overheating does not occur and that temperatures of the prosthesis do not rise above the melting point of the prosthetic skin covering. One aspect of this design that we later incorporated into our final design was the knuckle joint. This piece had to be designed so that it could provide space for the pulley to rotate as well as allow the finger to rotate side to side. This piece also had to allow for the actuating cables to pass through it on its path to the motors. The third, and final, approach to the design of the finger uses a four bar mechanism to control the movement of the finger, and compliant mechanisms to move the finger back to its resting state at the straight position. In this design, the four bar linkage is placed between the two upper joints on the finger. From our preliminary research, we had determined the

The Metamorphosis- Gregor's Sarcasm and Irony Essay

The Metamorphosis- Gregor's Sarcasm and Irony - Essay Example He despised his boss, but in spite of that he imagined staying in his job for a long time, in order that he may pay the debts that his parents had incurred towards the boss. In a way he was working for his parents and for his sister, and is that not the mark of a good man, to be self-sacrificial? Yet viewed another way, one can make a case for reading the text from the perspective of how sarcasm and irony can be a means to understand what is happening in the story, given the fantastic nature of the change that happened to Gregor, and given the way Gregor seemed to have reacted to the whole change not so much with a sense of shock and horror but more with a kind of surreal acceptance. The same goes for his family. The rest of the paper examines these lines of thinking as they relate to understanding Gregor from the lens of irony and sarcasm (Kafka). An argument can be made for instance to view Gregor’s thoughts about his job in the light of its sarcastic and ironic overtones. He hates his job, but has to keep it because his parents owe his boss a lot of money. Sure he is the breadwinner, but does not that come with Gregor resenting his work, and secretly resenting the life that he is living? When he says, for instance, that he has maybe five or six years left before he can fully pay his parents’ debts, does not that sound like he is being sarcastic? From experience, if you hate your job, even a day can seem like an eternity. Six years on the other hand, is sheer torture, in comparison to which maybe turning into an insect is more acceptable? Is this why he turned into an insect in the first place, as a kind of wish fulfillment and a way out of his dreary existence? Taking a step back, is not there something ironic and sarcastic in the way Gregor reacted to the fact that he had turned into an insect? One moment, he was shivering at the sight of his body, his legs, the white spots where he itched, and the next

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas Research Paper - 1

Goodbye Mother by Reinaldo Arenas - Research Paper Example The short story opens with the death of the personas mother. The mother is portrayed as a powerful figure that has overall authority over her children. He recalls how the mother was strict and looked after them with an iron fist. The mother is symbolic of the country, Cuba. They loved their country, but with the revolution, it is constantly changing from the beautiful place they once knew to an ugly, terrible state â€Å"haven’t you notice the smell, the flies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦?† The country is now ruled by dictators, and all the good things are slowly dying (Arenas, pg.316). They have been replaced by beetles, flies, rats and maggots, which have been used metaphorically to refer to the oppressors. Since the coming of the Cuban revolution to power, the people have been oppressed. After the collapse of their motherland, the citizens display their loyalty to their country by choosing to die for it. He is gives a detailed description of the disgraceful behavior of the oppressors by using the flies and maggots to give a vivid a picture. After days of decomposition, the bodies have a started to rot and maggots have invaded it. It displays the rot in the revolution and how the oppressors are devouring the countries resources and mistreating the citizens. After the death of the mother, the sisters stab themselves to death as a sign of solidarity. This signifies the collapse of the pillars of the country. The social and economic aspects of the community are all eroded â€Å"watch how we gracefully glide over the field and garden doomed†¦.† During the revolution era, the country experiences so many calamities (Arenas, pg.316). Cuba suffered massive abuse of power and mistreatment by the dictators. In the Short story, flies have been used metaphorically to compare them to the behaviors and style of leadership employed by the dictators. The dictators have executed and massacred the martyrs, and the young adolescent boys shot in the firing squad. They are

Women strangth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women strangth - Essay Example All of this is understood to have contributed to the character of the woman who shuffles her way to town. Not until the end does Welty tell us that Phoenix is making this difficult trip in order to get the medicine her chronically-ill grandson needs in order to breathe. By the end of the story, the character Phoenix Jackson is seen as a fully developed human being despite the short space of time in which she is introduced. Through symbolic imagery and careful organization, Welty is able to present Phoenix Jackson in loving detail as a fully fledged human being rather than simply as a character. At the opening of the story, the reader joins Phoenix at a point on her path where she is in an evergreen forest. This forest is described as being full of springy needles and bright sun. In this story, the pine trees symbolize the springiness and sunshine of youth. Pine wood is a soft wood which means it’s easier to bend it and shape it to new purposes. This is an example of what Phoenix was like as a young girl. In youth, she was still full of bright hopes and dreams that were often â€Å"almost too bright to look at† (142). However, pine wood is also very easy to damage with its softer skin, and Phoenix herself was also vulnerable to these dangers. However, she is no longer so vulnerable as she proves herself capable of defending herself against any rustle she hears in the thicket, â€Å"Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals!’ †¦ Under her small black-freckled hand her cane, limber as a buggy whip, would switc h at the brush as if to rouse up any hiding things† (143). The upward slope of the pine forest symbolizes Phoenix’s maturing out of childhood as much as it can be seen to be the struggle of the black race out of slavery. While that was a difficult struggle in itself, it wasn’t the last hurdle to be overcome

Human Resource Recruitment Case Study

Human Resource Recruitment Case Study Over resent decades, a number of studies have shown a positive relationship between high efficiency human resource management (HRM) policies and practices, and organisational performance (Heynes Fryer, 2000:240). HRM is therefore seemed to be the major factor to differentiate between success and failure of the organisations in todays world. This because it involves in how to manage people who work for the company, and whose roles performance as well as quality could eventually achieve organisations aims and objectives. There are many aspects in HRM, including resourcing, performance and developing, and so on (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). Resourcing is one of the main factor in HRM that consist of planning, recruiting, inducting and bringing a new staff up to the standard of a fully effective worker (Dawson, 1989:28). This essay will focus on the resourcing which includes issues involve in the recruitment. It also contains the case study of Tesco regarding its resourcing strategi es which show how such aspects can help the organisations growth. The concept of HRM It is not easy to define the concept for Human Resource Management as there are two different ways to perceive: personnel management (PM) and HRM (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008:6). However, its overview idea is the approach to manage the people who work for the organisation and are related to the success of the business. The firms are also able to gains the competitive advantage by using its people efficiently and effectively in their skills and competencies. Human resources are different from the other resources which work for the organisation because people have thought, emotions, feelings, aspirations and needs, and they have those thing individually as well. Hence, HRM relates to the way in which the organisation interact with its people; for instance, recruiting the suitable people for right positions, providing training and development opportunities, and so on (The Time 100, 2005). The concept of resourcing Although there are many aspects in HRM, the first main activity of human resource department is to search and bring people who are needed in order for business to be successful. These people could be the employees and also people outside the company such as consultants or subcontractors. Nevertheless, no matter which type of their work the working relationship between the business and them is the employment contract which EntrepreneurÂÂ ® (2009) defines as An agreement entered into between an employer and an employee at the time the employee is hired that outlines the exact nature of their business relationship, specifically what compensation the employee will receive in exchange for specific work performed. What is more, once the organisation recruits its people, they have to be in the series of activity such as motivation, training, developing and regular feedback that could maintain or improve their performance as well as loyalty to the company (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008 :106). Other keys factor of resourcing process including HR planning, recruitment and selection. These are also able to provide the management to have a way to acquire new skills and improve the organisational cultures (Marchington Wilkinson, 2007:157). Recruitment External Recruitment VS Internal Promotion There are two ways for organisation to employ its new staffs whether search for the talent available on the external labour market or to invest within the company to develop existing staffs to fill in the new position (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). These choices have their own advantages and disadvantages which the HR specialists have to analyse and decide before the recruitment. Internal recruitment is less expensive than external one because the company has no need to spend its revenue on the job advertisements or recruitment agencies. The organisation can also ensure that the candidates are familiar with its regulations, environment and culture. In addition, it can act as one of the motivational tools in the organisation strategies to encourage its staff performance as well. On the other hand, the drawback of home grown method is a limited number of candidates in order for the HR manager to choose and it can demotivate some failed candidates when the outside ones are chosen instead. The other type is external recruitment. Although it is more expensive, there is a wide range of candidate and this is able to provide the creation of a diverse workforce (Ibid). Outsiders might also possess specific skills, abilities or characteristics that suit the firm needs (Chen, 2005). In contrast, this way of recruitment drops the promotion opportunities of the insiders and thus adversely affects their incentives (Ibid). As there are pros and cons for both methods, the organisation should therefore consider some factors such as the economy and labour market before setting its recruitment policies. A company could also use either or both ways. However, it should be concerned with the suitable approach that fair enough for all candidates, giving sincere, honest, accuracy and helpful feedback to unsuccessful candidates as an important part of the process. E-Recruitment Since the world has become globalisation, the Internet was used increasingly for recruitment among the companies worldwide. It provides the effective channel to attract the job-seekers faster and more up-to-date than the traditional ways. There are two basis form of Internet recruitment: employers own website and cyber-agencies (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). The companies which have their own website could create the career part for the candidates gain both spending less money and time to the right person. However, the agencies allocate the service that supports the HR people to concentrate on the other aspects and have a wider way to reach the candidates. Consequently, the organisation should be concerned not only use the traditional way of recruitment, but also applies the e-recruitment as a technology to support its development. Case studies Tesco, the biggest private sector employer in the UK, has employed more than 360,000 employees worldwide and it is continually growing every year (The Time 100, 2005). The way to support Tesco to handle the adequate resourcing of the suitable workforce to serve its widen market might be the efficient and effective resourcing strategies. There are three main factors in Tesco resourcing: workforce planning, attracting and recruitment, and selection. Firstly, the workforce planning is the process for analysing the company concerned with the need of workforce in terms of numbers, skills and locations. Tesco uses a workforce planning table to create the approximate demand for new staff. This table allows Tesco flexibility and sufficient time to meet its staff demands and lead the business to achieve its strategic objectives; for example, to open new stores and maintain customer service standards. Another important element is to have clear job descriptions and person specifications. Job description defines what it want people to do in this role while person specification describes the qualification of people in required position. Tesco uses both to help job applicants and post-holders to know what is expected from them. Secondly, Tesco applies both internal staff development and external recruitment methods to fill its vacancies. It is concerned about the staff motivation and uses its practises called talent planning to encourage their internal employees through an annual appraisal scheme. This could therefore lead them to apply for higher position. Furthermore, Tesco avoid the demonization among the staffs who fail the promotion as it provides the privilege such as the longer preparation time. On the other hand, for external recruitment, Tesco invest in advertises vacancies via its website or through vacancy boards in stores. The short lists have an interview followed by some processes at an assessment centre. Lastly, the selection process involves choosing the most suitable candidate from those who apply for a position by keeping the employment laws and regulations. According to figure 1, Tesco also use screening to filter candidates to ensure that those selected for interview have the best fit with the job requirements. An assessment centre is the next step for the candidates and it take place in store and is run by managers. Consequently, an interview is the last step in the process. To summarise, Tesco is an enterprise with many job opportunities from the frontline staff to high level manager. Tesco therefore needs to encourage its growth and development with the right people, skills and behaviours. It shows the organisational structures clearly, and provides obvious job descriptions and person specifications to create easy ways of applying for jobs. These could eventually lead Tesco to have its efficient approach for recruitment and selection, and support its changing demand for employee. Conclusion Tesco case study could demonstrate how resourcing helps the organisation to reach its need of staffs in the right place, with the right skills at the right time. Furthermore, it might be a useful example for another company to analyse and apply to their strategies. Recruitment topic contains the important issues comprise internal and external recruitment, and e-recruitment. These could provide the benefits and drawbacks as well as a variety of channel for recruitment. Resourcing is crucial for a business needs to meet its staff demands and match the position with the right people, and also maintain such valuable workforce. The company should analyse its structure and synergise the factors including workforce planning, recruitment and selection, and so on to set the organisation resourcing strategy. This could result in the efficient and effective resourcing as part of the human resource management.

Religion and School Prayer in Public Schools Essay -- Prayer in Public

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America's founders envisioned a nation whose government would allow for freedoms and rights to be guaranteed to its citizens. The desire for religious freedom was prominent, sine it was not a right granted to the early colonists living under Briti sh rule. Because England's government forced all of its citizens to learn and practice the same religion, America's first legislators made certain that government intervention in religious matters was prohibited. Therefore, religious freedom was ensured in the First Amendment to the Constitution, as it states, "Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . ." (Whitehead, Rights 49). This statement allowed Americans to f reely express and practice or chose not to practice a religion. The two distinct parts of the religious freedom affirmation in the First Amendment became known as the Free Exercise Clause, which guarantees religious expressio n, and the Establishment Clau se, which protects citizens from state sponsored religion (Whitehead, Rights 49). These two clauses are generally interpreted as being contradictory to each other. Often times, a right guaranteed by one clause contrasts with a right maintained by the other clause. Since the two clauses rae not black and white, there is an extensive amount of gray area. Due to the conflicting religious expression clauses stated under the First Amendment, the role of prayer in public schools is controversial and must be interpreted in such a way to accommodate all and restrain from violating the rights of any religious believers and nonbelievers.    The dispute over school prayer has stemmed from the government's views on the relationsh... ...ayer. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1994. Barker, Dan. "The Case Against School Prayer." Internet Infidels. Online. Internet. 21 October 2002. Available: http://www.infidels.org/org/ffrf/issues/pray.html Farmer, Rod. "The School Prayer Issue." Education 104 (1984): 248-49. Gaffney, Edward McGlynn. "A Church in Texas." Commonweal 124 (April 25, 1997): 9-10. O'Connor, Sandra. "Forward: the Establishment Clause and Endorsement of Religion." Journal of Law and Religion 8 (1990): 1-4. Sikorski, Robert. Prayer in Public Schools and the Constitution 1961-1992. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Thomas, Oliver. "Prayer and Speech." Finding Common Ground 12 (1996): 29 pars. Online. Internetr. 1 October 2002. Whitehead, John W. The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1994: 33,49-50.

Have the UK banking law regulation reforms introduced after the 1st of April 2013 led to increased and sufficient protection to promote financial stability?

Abstract Banking law regulation has advanced significantly since the global financial crisis was first instigated in 2008. Most notably, on the 1st April 2013 the Financial Services Authority (FSA) was abolished and its functions transferred to two new regulators: the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). The Bank of England (BoE) also took over the FSA’s responsibilities for financial market infrastructures and the Financial Policy Committee (FPC) was established. Despite these reforms, it is questionable the financial industry is being better regulated and it seems as though further changes may still be needed.[1] Introduction The Financial Services Act (FSA) 2012 came into force on the 1st of April 2013 in order to establish a new regulatory framework for the financial system. Under the new Act, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) was replaced by two new regulators; the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). A Financial Policy Committee of the Bank of England was also created and the Bank of England was provided with the power to regulate and provide stability to the financial system.[1] This new regulatory structure became known as the ‘twin-peaks’ model and was considered to be a â€Å"major milestone for the Regulatory Reform Programme.†[2] The Act made significant amendments to The Financial Services and Markets Act (FMSA) 2000 and restructured and broadened the law relating to market manipulation and misleading statements and impressions. The scope of the special resolution regime under the Banking Act (BA) 2009 was also extended and a new category of regulated activity in relation to benchmarks (e.g. LIBOR) and credit ratings was created. The approval, supervision and discipline of sponsors regime under the FSMA was also changed and the regulation of consumer credit was transferred to the FSA. This study will discuss these new regulatory regimes in greater detail in order to consider their effectiveness. Research Aims and Objectives The aim of this research is to find out the extent to which the 2013 reforms have proven effective in providing increased and sufficient protection to promote financial stability. Research Question Is the banking industry being regulated effectively? Have the 2013 reforms improved the regulation of the banking industry? Are further changes needed to the banking system to ensure that financial stability is being promoted? Key Words Financial Industry Banking System Financial Stability Banking Law Twin Peaks and Banking Banking Regulation Methodology A secondary research approach will be undertaken for this study by accessing relevant text books, journal articles, governmental reports and online legal databases. This will enable me to acquire the appropriate information that is needed and will allow me to analyse existing literature in this area. This will be a more cost effective and time saving way to undertake the research. This is appropriate for this particular assignment as it would be extremely difficult to obtain primary research from large organisations such as the FSA. A Qualitative research method will be used as this study requires a descriptive outcome as opposed to a predictive one. Literature Review The aim of a bank is to provide financial services to individuals and organisations by enabling them to either borrow or deposit money, whilst also creating credit. However, because of the complex nature of the modern banking business, a lack of regulation appears to exist in this area. This is evident by the recent financial crisis which seemed to demonstrate that banks are capable of taking extortionate risks without any intervention. This is damaging to the economy as well as consumers. However, because of how difficult it is to determine what a bankers business should consist of, problems arise when trying to establish how the banking industry should be regulated. This literature review will provide an overview as to how effective the current regulatory system is by reviewing banking law as it currently stands. This will be compared to the approach that was undertaken prior to the financial crisis and an assessment as to whether more effective regulation now exists as a result of the 2013 reforms will be provided. The Financial Services and Markets Act (FMSA) 2000 regulated the banking and insurance sector and provided the FSA with the power to regulate the financial system. The objectives under the Act were to provide; â€Å"(a) market confidence; (b) public awareness; (c) the protection of consumers; and (d) the reduction of financial crime.† However, since the global financial crisis (GFC) was instigated, it became apparent that a new regulatory structure was needed. Many argued that the system failed to adequately account for the complexity of modern financial markets and the nature and pace of financial innovation.†[3] A more interventionist approach was said to be needed to that those providing financial services could be regulated better.[4] This would help to combat financial crime, which was considered one of the main reasons for the GFC.[5] The FSA was largely criticised for failing to keep abreast with the advances in society and that as a result they were no longer required. Hence, it was suggested that it was only a matter of time before the FSA was abolished completely: â€Å"the diminished role for the FSA is simply a reflection of this new reality.†[6] Whilst there does appear to be true to a certain extent, it appears that the role of the FSA did help to regulate the financial sector more adequately over the years and that many banking failures are likely to have been avoided since the FMSA was first implemented. This was stressed by Southern when he considered the importance of regulation in the financial sector[7] and by Sergeant who pointed out that; â€Å"the whole basis of financial regulatory law was recast on a completely updated and integrated basis.†[8] Again, this highlights the importance of the FSA’s powers that were conferred upon it by the FMSA. The Banking Act 2009 was, nonetheless, introduced as an emergency response to the GFC and was intended to provide greater powers to bankers to enable them to regulate the financial sector more effectively. Hence, it was felt that there existed inherent failures within the UK banking system and that vital changes were thereby needed.[9] The Act was considered a welcoming development in preventing future financial panics from taking place.[10] Conversely, it was said that the Bank’s powers were too limited and that as a result the banking system could not be effectively regulated. It was therefore suggested that the Bank should be privatised so that more sufficient banking regulation can be effectuated.[11] Since the 2012 banking law reforms began, a number of further changes have been made to the financial system. As well as creating the FSA, the PRA and the FPC, the Bank of England’s role as the supervisor for financial market infrastructure (FMI) was also expanded by the 2012 Act by â€Å"adding securities settlement systems and central counterparty regulation to its existing responsibility for recognised inter-bank payment systems.†[12] Furthermore, the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 was implemented which was intended to provide the HM Treasury and the PRA with the power to implement the recommendations of the Independent Commission on Banking (ICB) on ring-fencing requirements for the banking sector.[13] The FCO has been subjected to great deal of criticism since it was established with many arguing that little benefit has been made to the financial system under the new regulatory structure.[14] Accordingly, significant changes were made to the financial system as a result of the GFC, yet it seems as though further changes are expected to take place since there are increasing concerns about the ways in which financial services organisations (FSO’s) are conducting business.[15] It cannot be said that FSO’s are adequately preserving the interests of its consumers and unless FSO’s have effective risk management strategies in place, a lack of consumer protection will ensue. The FSA 2012 has made great attempts to rectify the difficulties caused by the previous law, yet it remains to be seen whether the new regulatory regime goes far enough. Nevertheless, the existing offence for misleading statements and practices that is contained under s. 397 of FSMA is being repealed and replaced by three separate offence; misleading statements (s. 89); misleading impressions (s. 90) and misleading statements in relation to benchmarks (s. 91).[16] This offence is broader than s. 397 and includes those statements that were made recklessly as well as those made intentionally. This makes it a lot harder for FSO’s to mislead consumers and ensures that more effective regulation is in place. The changes that have been made to the BA 2009 include the extended special resolution regime to certain UK investment firms, group companies of UK banks and UK clearing houses. Under the new regime, the PRA will be responsible for promoting the stability of the financial system by regulating all deposit taking institutions.[17] The FCA will be responsible for regulating retail, wholesale and financial markets, which increases protection and seeks to achieve financial stability overall. Conclusion It is questionable whether the current regulatory regime is sufficient in regulating the banking industry,[18] although significant improvements have in fact been made.[19] Nevertheless, given the complexity of modern banking, it will remain difficult to regulate this area effectively for the foreseeable future. Given that the changes are fairly recent, it remains to be seen just how effective the FCA is in regulating this industry. Given the importance of having appropriate mechanisms in place to deal with any disruptions to the financial system, the changes that have been made so far are likely to be welcomed.[20] This is because, the new twin peaks model is intended to strengthen the current approach to financial regulation, whilst also establishing a more resilient and stable financial system.[21] It is likely that FSO’s will be put under greater pressure to ensure that they are conducting their business in an appropriate manner as tighter controls will be in place. Theref ore, whilst it is likely that future changes are still needed, the reforms that were implemented in 2013 have led to increased and sufficient protection to promote financial stability. Data Analysis In analysing the data, a process will be undertaken which allows each component of the data to be inspected using logical and analytical reasoning. This will allow an assessment to be made as to whether all of the data is effective and reliable. In doing so, the data will be gathered from a variety of sources and then reviewed and analysed so that an appropriate conclusion can be drawn. The quality of the research will therefore be judged in â€Å"relation to the resources available and the effectiveness with which those resources have been used to investigate the particular topic in question.†[22] Ethics When undertaking any type of research, there are certain ethical rules of conduct which need to be followed. For example, any data that is collected must be used in a way that is â€Å"honest, unbiased, sincere, free from errors or negligence, open to critique and it must protect confidential communications.†[23] A risk-analysis approach can be adopted in order to achieve this as well as adhering to the BPS guidelines.[24] Bibliography A Hudson., The Law of Finance, (Sweet & Maxwell, 2009). C Bates., ‘A Brief Overview of the Financial Services Act 2012 and the New UK Financial Regulation Framework’ (2013) Clifford Chance, [12 June, 2014]. C Dawson., Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project, (How to Books Ltd, 4th Edition, 2009). C Sergeant., ‘Risk-Based Approach Central to FSA’s Regulation’ (2001) 151 New Law Journal 1409, Issue 7001. D Awrey., ‘Complexity, Innovation and the Regulation of Modern Financial Markets’ (2011) Harvard Business Law, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No 49/2011, [08 May, 2014]. D B Resnik., ‘What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important?’ (2011) [11 May, 2014]. FSA., ‘Delivering a Reduction of Financial Crime’ (2011) FSA Annual Report 2011/12, fsa.gov.uk/pubs/annual/ar11-12/section5.pdf> [12 May, 2014]. G Nicholson and M Salib., ‘The Regulatory Powers and Purview of the Bank of England: Pre and Post Crisis’ (2012) Journal of International Banking and Financial Law, Volume 28, Issue 10. HM Treasury., ‘A New Approach to Financial Regulation: Judgement, Focus and Stability’ (2010), CM 7874, [12 May, 2014]. HM Treasury., ‘Creating Stronger and Safer Banks’ (2014) [12 June, 2014]. J Smethurst., ‘Forward the Resolution’ (2014) Corporate Rescue and Insolvency, Volume 7, Issue 1, 18. J Smethurst., ‘Twin Peaks: Bridging the Gap. Co-Ordination Under the new Regulatory Framework’ (2012) 1 Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 33, Issue 1. KMPG., ‘Evolving Banking Regulation 2014’ (2014) [12 May, 2014]. KPMG., ‘Twin-Peaks Regulation: Key Changes and Challenges’ (2012) Financial Services, [11 May, 2014]. L Taker., ‘Who Regulates the FSA?’ (2010), [12 May, 2014]. M Denscombe., Ground Rules for Social Research: Guidelines for Good Practice. (2nd edn. McGraw-Hill International, 2009). M Littlewood and S Frith., ‘The Bank of England should be privatised’ (2010) Institute of Economic Affairs, [11 May, 2014]. N Clark., ‘King calls for ‘radical’ banking reform in UK’ (2010) The Independent, [12 May, 2014]. R Tomasic., ‘Financial System Reform or Business as Usual?’ International Banking and Financial Law, Volume 29, Issue 5, 321. S Schich., ‘A Framework for Discussing Bank Regulatory Reform’ (2013) Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 21, Issue 4, 308-318.

Example Report

BEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System: Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email: [email  protected] com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and service mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its l ength. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1: Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1: Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic Diagrams:Figure 2: Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A: Table 1: Lamp Voltages Load| Voltage| Lamp 1| 23. 0V| Lamp 2| 18. 0V| Lamp 3| 14. 0V| Lamp 4| 11. 0V| Lamp 5| 9. 0V| Lamp 6| 8. 0V| Results for Procedure B: Table 2: Results for Procedure B Circuit Number| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 22. 0V| 0. 048A| 6. 0V| 2| 17. 0v| 0. 055A| 12. 0V| 3| 13. 0V| 0. 060A| 15. 0V| 4| 10. 0V| 0. 062A| 18. 0V| 5| 9. 0V| 0. 061A| 20. 0V| 6| 8. 0V| 0. 060A| 21. 0V|Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number| Calculated Current| Calculated Voltage Drop| Measured Voltage Drop| Error| 1| 0. 846A| 8. 0V| 6. 0V| 25. 00%| 2| 0. 654A| 13. 0V| 12. 0V| 7. 69%| 3| 0. 500A| 17. 0V| 15. 0V| 11. 76%| 4| 0. 385A| 20. 0V| 18. 0V| 10. 00%| 5| 0. 346A| 21. 0V| 20. 0V| 4. 76%| 6| 0. 308A| 22. 0V| 21. 0V| 4. 55%| Table 4: Lamp Voltages Lamp number| Calculated voltage| Measured voltage| Error| 1| 22. 00V| 22. 0V| 0%| 2| 17. 00V| 17. 0V| 0%| 3| 13. 00V| 13. 0V| 0%| 4| 10. 01V| 10. 0V| 0. 10%| 5| 9. 00V| 9. 0V| 0%| 6| 8. 01V| 8. 0V| 0. 12%| Results for Procedure C:Table 5: Separate Feeders CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 28. 0V| 0. 067A| 1. 0V| 2| 26. 0V| 0. 066A| 3. 0V| 3| 25. 0V| 0. 061A| 4. 0V| 4| 24. 0V| 0. 061A| 6. 0V| 5| 22. 0V| 0. 059A| 7. 0V| 6| 21. 0V| 0. 057A| 8. 0V| Discussion: The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is â€Å"lost† (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the conductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoff’s Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are d ifferent from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoff's circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Con clusion: As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2: Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7: Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams: Figure 6: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A: Lamp Number| Voltage| 1| 26V| 2| 24V| | 22V| 4| 24V| 5| 26V| 6| 30 V| Table 7: Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B: CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 2| 24. 0V| 0. 026A| 6V| 3| 23. 0V| 0. 025A| 7V| 4| 23. 5V| 0. 026A| 6V| 5| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 6| 30. 0V| 0. 023A| 0V| Table 8: Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion: The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offer ed a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion: The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated. Example Report BEE3133 Electrical Power Systems Distribution System: Radial and Ring Distribution Laboratory 1 Fathimah binti Abdul Halim EA09089 Faculty of Electric and Electrical Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang Email: [email  protected] com Introduction Generally, distribution system is part of power systems which distributes power to the consumers for utilization. That distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. The distribution systems consist of feeders, distributors and service mains.A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Basically no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its l ength. A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumer’s terminals. In practice, the radial system and ring main system are used. Experiment 1: Radial Distribution SystemIntroduction Electricity suppliers normally use radial distribution in rural areas where the load is randomly distributed, separated by areas with little or no habitation, and back up supplies are normally not available. The length of feeder is typically limited to 500m or less. In the radial distribution system, feeders supplying the consumers are all fed from a central point (the substation) as shown in Figure 1. There is no looping of the feeders. Figure 1: Radial System of Feeders Objective To demonstrate the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks. Schematic Diagrams:Figure 2: Schematic diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure A Figure 3: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure B Figure 4: Schematic Diagram for Experiment 1 Procedure C Results for Procedure A: Table 1: Lamp Voltages Load| Voltage| Lamp 1| 23. 0V| Lamp 2| 18. 0V| Lamp 3| 14. 0V| Lamp 4| 11. 0V| Lamp 5| 9. 0V| Lamp 6| 8. 0V| Results for Procedure B: Table 2: Results for Procedure B Circuit Number| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 22. 0V| 0. 048A| 6. 0V| 2| 17. 0v| 0. 055A| 12. 0V| 3| 13. 0V| 0. 060A| 15. 0V| 4| 10. 0V| 0. 062A| 18. 0V| 5| 9. 0V| 0. 061A| 20. 0V| 6| 8. 0V| 0. 060A| 21. 0V|Table 3: Calculated and Measured Resistor Currents and Voltages Resistor Number| Calculated Current| Calculated Voltage Drop| Measured Voltage Drop| Error| 1| 0. 846A| 8. 0V| 6. 0V| 25. 00%| 2| 0. 654A| 13. 0V| 12. 0V| 7. 69%| 3| 0. 500A| 17. 0V| 15. 0V| 11. 76%| 4| 0. 385A| 20. 0V| 18. 0V| 10. 00%| 5| 0. 346A| 21. 0V| 20. 0V| 4. 76%| 6| 0. 308A| 22. 0V| 21. 0V| 4. 55%| Table 4: Lamp Voltages Lamp number| Calculated voltage| Measured voltage| Error| 1| 22. 00V| 22. 0V| 0%| 2| 17. 00V| 17. 0V| 0%| 3| 13. 00V| 13. 0V| 0%| 4| 10. 01V| 10. 0V| 0. 10%| 5| 9. 00V| 9. 0V| 0%| 6| 8. 01V| 8. 0V| 0. 12%| Results for Procedure C:Table 5: Separate Feeders CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 28. 0V| 0. 067A| 1. 0V| 2| 26. 0V| 0. 066A| 3. 0V| 3| 25. 0V| 0. 061A| 4. 0V| 4| 24. 0V| 0. 061A| 6. 0V| 5| 22. 0V| 0. 059A| 7. 0V| 6| 21. 0V| 0. 057A| 8. 0V| Discussion: The voltage across each lamp in procedure A, decreased as well as the brightness of the lamps due to the increase in the distance of the lamps from power supply. As the current passes through a longer distance, more the value of voltage is â€Å"lost† (unavailable to the load), due to the voltage drop developed across the resistance of the conductor.In the procedure B, value of current, voltage and voltage drop are calculated and measured. The kirchoff’s Law is used to calculate the value of calculated current. In table 3, the values of calculated and measured voltage for voltage drop are d ifferent from one another since the value of measured voltage drop and calculated voltage drop increased as the distance of the lamps from power supply increased. In table 4, the values of measured and calculated voltage are not much difference from each other.When the distance of the lamps from source increased, both values show a decreased. It can be concluded that as the amount of resistor increases, the voltage drop across the resistor also increases, it is shown in the graph resistor number against voltage drop above. In procedure C, each lamp is fed by a separate feeder connected to the supply. Referring to table 5, when the amount of loads/lamps increase, the voltage across each lamp decreases. However, the voltage drop in each lamp increases corresponding to the amount of loads applied in the procedure.A principle known as Kirchhoff's circuit laws states that in any circuit, the sum of the voltage drops across each component of the circuit is equal to the supply voltage. Con clusion: As conclusion, the principles of the commonly used radial system for low voltage distribution networks is demonstrated. Experiment 2: Ring Distribution System Introduction This is commonly used in urban areas with high housing density. In such system, LV cables from neighbouring distribution substations are either looped together or are terminated very close to one another where an interconnection of cables can be made.This system is normally used when a high degree of reliability of load supply is required and back up substations are made available. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram for a ring distribution network. Figure 7: Ring Distribution Network Objective To demonstrate the principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks. Schematic Diagrams: Figure 6: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure A Figure 7: Schematic diagram for Experiment 3 Procedure B Results for Procedure A: Lamp Number| Voltage| 1| 26V| 2| 24V| | 22V| 4| 24V| 5| 26V| 6| 30 V| Table 7: Lamp voltages Results for Procedure B: CircuitNumber| Lamp| Feeder| | Measured Voltage| Measured Current| Voltage Drop| 1| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 2| 24. 0V| 0. 026A| 6V| 3| 23. 0V| 0. 025A| 7V| 4| 23. 5V| 0. 026A| 6V| 5| 26. 0V| 0. 025A| 4V| 6| 30. 0V| 0. 023A| 0V| Table 8: Voltage and Current Measurements Discussion: The ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in opposite directions around the ring, the dividing point between them dependent on the distribution of load in the ring.If the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. In procedure A, as the number of load increases, the voltage across lamp increases. The lamp voltage wit the corresponding value obtained in the experiment showed that as the number of load increases, the brightness of the lamp increases. There are differences between lamp voltage for ring distribution system and lamp voltage for radial distribution. The lamp voltage for radial distribution and ring distribution increases as the number of load increases.For procedure B, the comparisons can be made between radial and ring distribution systems. A radial system has only one power source. The lamp voltage for radial system decreased as the load/resistance increased while the lamp voltage for ring system increased as the load/resistance increased. Ring system is more expensive to install as it takes double the cable (but not double the installation time) but it is far superior in performance, as the current to any one socket/outlet has 2 parallel paths to take, so the cable is under less load.Also if one leg of the ring fails open (loose terminal in a socket/outlet) then the remaining leg still safely provides current. Radial circuits are adequate for lighting, as it is a low load, but sockets/outlets are best fed from a ring system. Hence, it can be concluded that ring distribution system offer ed a higher voltage load and lower feeder voltage drop. Conclusion: The objective was achieved. The principles of ring distribution systems as used in low voltage networks is demonstrated.