Two Mad Scientists: a Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories “the Birthmark” and “Rappaccini’s Daughter”

Contents Contents2 1. Introduction3 2. A Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and3 â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†3 3. 1 The Role of the Scientist3 3. 2 The Role of the Wife and daughter4 3. 3 Nature vs. Science5 3. Conclusion6 Works Cited7 Honestly Declaration8 1. Introduction In the main part of the following paper with the topic â€Å"Two Mad Scientists: A Comparison of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Short Stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and Rappaccini’s Daughter† I will offer a comparison of selected aspects, since the space is limited.First of all I will concentrate on the comparison between Aylmer, the scientist which is presented in Hawthorne’s short story â€Å"The Birthmark†, and Giacomo Rappaccini, the scientist appearing in â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†. Furthermore I will give a comparison of both of the female characters, which are the victims of the scientists. On the one hand th ere is Georgiana, Aylmer’s wife, and on the other hand there is Beatrice Rappacini, the daughter of Giacomo Rappaccini.After I named similarities, as well as differences between the two scientists and also between their wife and daughter, I will concentrate on the symbols â€Å"nature† and â€Å"science† and how they are represented as contrasts within the two short stories. A Symbol in discussing literature is defined as â€Å"a word or phrase that signifies an object or event which in its turn signifies something, or suggests a range of reference, beyond itself. † Thus symbols can give the reader a deeper impression of the meaning of the short story and that is way I chose to focus on two of the main symbols within Hawthorne’s short stories.At the end of the following paper I will give a conclusion, which summarizes the most important facts and also evaluates the aspects of the main part. 2. A Comparison of Hawthorne’s Short Stories  "The Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† 2. 1 The Role of the Scientist The two scientists Aylmer and Rappaccini, which both are main characters in Hawthorne’s short stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†, have several qualities in common. Both of them are presented as god-like scientists and very successful.Aylmer is described as â€Å"an eminent proficient in every branch of natural philosophy† and also Rappaccini is said to be a â€Å"famous doctor† and absolutely skilled in his profession. Either one of them is striving after perfection concerning their wife’s and daughter’s beauty. Aylmer married a beautiful woman who has a hand-shaped birthmark on her left cheek, which bothers him so much that Aylmer wants to remove his wife’s birthmark. In his eyes the birthmark is â€Å"the visible mark of earthly imperfection† and also the only defect of his wife, who â⠂¬Å"came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature†.Therefore he wants to remove it with the help of scientific methods to make his wife, who actually likes the birthmark, perfect. Also Dr. Rappaccini uses his scientific skills to make his daughter, in his eyes, an object of perfection. Hence they both have the plan to create a consummate human being with the help of science. In addition both of them make someone who is important to them their object of scientific impact on nature. Aylmer risks his wife’s life by removing her birthmark while Dr. Rappaccini doesn’t care if his daughter is happy with the way of life which he has chosen for her to live.Both of the scientists, Aylmer as well as Dr. Rappaccini, have to learn at the end of the short stories that their beloved wife and daughter paid their husband’s and father’s scientific obsession with their lives. However, despite the many similarities between Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini, there are also a few crucial differences. While Aylmer wants to make his wife a perfect human being by removing her â€Å"symbol of imperfection†, Dr. Rappaccini uses at first his only his daughter as a subject for his scientific experiment and later on he even uses a stranger for his trial, without concerning whether it could harm him or not.Another difference between the two scientists is the way they want to change or impact something. Aylmer wants to remove something which is already existent, his wife’s birthmark. In contrast, Dr. Rappaccini modified his daughter with the help of scientific methods from the moment she was born when he connected her life to the poisonous shrub in his garden. 2. 1 The Role of the Wife and Daughter Just like the two scientists, the two female characters have several similarities to offer. Both, Georgiana and Beatrice are beautiful women which became victims of the scientific obsession of their husband and father.Georgiana is described as a beautiful woman and also Beatrice is characterized as â€Å"a young girl, arrayed with as much richness of taste as the most splendid of the flowers, beautiful as the day. † After their description of beauty and pureness their ‘mistake’ is revealed. Georgiana carries a hand-shaped birthmark on her cheek, which was loved and cherished by her former lovers, envied by other women but hated by her own husband. Also Beatrice’s dark character treats are revealed when the young Giovanni Guasconti observed her poisonous breath and her relationship to the mysterious shrub.Thus Beatrice can be compared to the flowers in Dr. Rappaccini’s garden; she is beautiful but poisoned. At the end of the short stories both of the young females die and their former beauty and perfection are destroyed. While Georgiana dies after her husband tried to remove her birthmark, Beatrice dies after she drank an antidote, which was given to her by Giovanni Guasconti, to free herself out of h er father’s scientific experiments. Beside the many similarities there are also a few differences between Georgiana and Beatrice which are revealed throughout the story line.Aylmer’s wife Georgiana is changed by the scientific actions of her husband in the course of the short story. In comparison to Georgiana, Beatrice’s scientific change is performed from the moment she was born by the sprouting of the shrub in her father’s garden, which symbolizes the â€Å"offspring of his science, of his intellect†. According to this, Georgiana’s appearance is natural until the moment when Aylmer tries to remove the birthmark, but Beatrice is changed by science since she was born. Nature vs. ScienceIn both of Hawthorne’s short stories the symbols of nature as well as science play a decisive role. In â€Å"The Birthmark† science is symbolized by the scientist Aylmer, who is able to produce all kinds of scientific perfumes and liquids is not able to control his wife’s nature. Nature is symbolized by Georgiana’s natural beauty and of course by her birthmark which also symbolizes the mightiness of nature. In the end science fails to control nature with the result of Georgiana’s death and Aylmer’s unhappiness after he has lost his beloved wife.In â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† Dr. Rappaccini’s garden symbolizes nature on the one hand and science on the other hand at the same time. All the numerous and beautiful flowers are linked to nature at the first glance but, when their poisonousness is revealed, the connection to science is made instantly. Rappaccini uses his garden and also his daughter to embody his scientific powers and to achieve his personal goals. Just as in â€Å"The Birthmark† science is not able to control nature. In the end Dr.Rappaccini’s poisoned daughter dies after she tried to fight science by drinking an antidote. 3. Conclusion As it emerges of my paper about the comparison of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories â€Å"The Birthmark† and â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter†, there are numerous aspects between Aylmer and Dr. Rappaccini, as well as between Georgiana and Beatrice, which can be seen as very similar and also aspects which are completely different from one another. Another very important aspect which I analyzed throughout the composition of my paper, are the two symbols nature and science.Even today there are lots of discussions about the change of nature by science. A current example for this is pre-implantation diagnostics, a procedure in which embryos are produced by in-vitro fertilization to make sure they don’t suffer from a genetic disease before the embryos are implanted in the uterus. This topic leads to controversial discussions because the embryos which aren’t used after the examination are thrown out. In addition pre-implantation diagnostics is a current example of science trying to control nature.Even if the result sometimes is not perfect, nature should be allowed to run its course. 1,383 words Works Cited Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Thomson, 2005. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Mosses from an Old Manse. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1900. 48-78. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Mosses from an Old Manse. Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1900. 125-178 Honestly Declaration I hereby declare that the work submitted is my own and that all passages and ideas that are not mine have been fully and properly acknowledged.I am aware that I will fail the entire course should I include passages and ideas from other sources and present them as if they were my own. ———————- ————– Signature Date ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Abrams, M. H. : A Glossary of Literary Terms. p. 320. [ 2 ]. Hawthorne, N. : Mosses from an Old Manse. p. 36. [ 3 ]. (ibid. 129) [ 4 ]. (ibid. 37) [ 5 ]. (ibid. ) [ 6 ]. (ibid. ) [ 7 ]. (ibid. 39) [ 8 ]. (ibid. 133) [ 9 ]. (ibid. 38) [ 10 ]. (ibid. 141,42) [ 11 ]. (ibid. 171) [ 12 ]. (ibid. 56)

Theme of Social Class in Great Expectations

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Managers can and will help employees with family responsibilities Essay

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Teacher Handbook Essay Example for Free

Teacher Handbook Essay Deciding to be a school teacher does not mean one has to throw away their rights granted by the United States Constitution. Teachers are required to maintain moral and ethical behavior but their rights as citizens are not taken away. Teachers should understand that they are always teachers and role models whether they are in the classroom or not and should always maintain a professional demeanor when in the public eye. Teachers are held to a higher standard in their actions and behaviors because of their employment position. Teachers influence and mold the ideas and thought of young people. There is an inherent responsibility of being a role model whether the teacher is in the classroom or in the grocery store. Teachers are granted the same personal freedoms as private citizen, but need to make sure their personal choices do not affect their ability to perform in the classroom as a school board employee. 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Teachers may not use their classroom as a platform to preach personal religious beliefs or discuss religion that is not curriculum based. Employment rights and responsibilities Individuals seeking employment with the school district have the right to not be discriminated against based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Essex, 2012). It is the responsibility of the individual seeking employment to provide the required documents required for employment including but not limited to, teaching certificates, background check, finger printing and drug screening. Providing false information regarding teacher certification or other documentation will disqualify the application. Teacher Code of Ethics Teachers must maintain a code of ethics. Teachers have an obligation to maintain the ethical code to the students, the public, and the profession of education. The teacher’s first priority will always be the success and development of the student. It is the teacher’s duty and responsibility to provide students with a safe enriching environment where they are free to learn. Teachers will not exploit relationships with students for personal gain. Aware of the importance of maintaining the respect and confidence of one’s colleagues, of students, of parents, and of other members of the community, the teacher strives to achieve and sustain the highest degree of ethical conduct (The Code, 2012). The teacher values the worth and dignity of every person, the pursuit of truth, devotion to excellence, and the acquisition of knowledge (2012). Teachers are private citizens and are afforded the same rights guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution. Teachers should be cautious of the image they portray in the public eye, but they are free to make decisions on what they do, where they do it, and what they say about it. Teachers have the right to teach how they want to teach as long as the method supports the curriculum. Teachers have the right to freedom of assemble and expression, but need to maintain professional demeanor and be moral and ethical and moral in practice. Teachers also have the freedom of religion on their personal time, but may not bring religion into the classroom unless it relates to curriculum. They following handbook provides teachers with an understanding of their rights and responsibilities inherent of being a part of the school district. References Essex, N. L. (2012). School law and the public school, a practical guide for educational leaders. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Fowler v. Board of Education of Lincoln County,Kentucky, U. S. Court of Appeals, 6th Cir. 817 F. 2d 657 (1987). The Code of Ethics and the Principles of Professional Conduct of the Education Profession in Florida. (2012). State Board of Education Rule 6B-1. 001, FAC. www. fldoe. org.

The Atlantic World in the Early Modern Period Essay Example for Free

The Atlantic World in the Early Modern Period Essay Atlantic slave trade is a trade that involved the sale of African people to the colonies of the new world which took place in and around the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic slave trade was also referred to transatlantic slave trade and begun in the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. Most slaves were acquired through coastal trading with the Africans, nevertheless others were incarcerated by European slave traders through raiding and kidnapping. Out of many stories that have been written about the Atlantic slave trade, most of them talk mainly about the economic benefits that the trade rendered to Europe and North America and the injustices that the slaves received while in America, even though little attention has been given to the devastative effect of the damage that was done to the Africans. From this point, it is arguable that the Atlantic slave trade enriched and developed Europe and impoverished and under developed Africa. The slave trade involved commercial trading system which involved forced recruitment of African workers and their transportation to Europe. The Atlantic slave trade unlike other slave trades was capital intensive and competitive among several European countries. The participants of this trade included both the Africans and the Europeans who were both influenced by the trade The question on whether the Atlantic slave trade enriched and developed Europe and impoverished and under developed Africa can be answered under three categories of discussions that is; the social cost in Africa of forced migration, the Atlantic slave trade and the rise and expansion of the western world and the enduring legacies of the world of slaves. The costs and the benefits of the Atlantic slave trade differentiate between the private, social costs and the benefits. From the Atlantic slave trade it can be said that the people who raided and took captives from Africans and the African leaders who were involved in the buying and the selling of slaves all gained privately. It is not clear on what quantity of gains were got by the slave raiders and traders of the slave trade or the amount of losses suffered by the Africans, though it is argued from human rationality that the slave traders and raiders would not have continued with the captive business for several years if they were not getting some private gains. Due to Atlantic slave trade, there was loss of labor in Africa because most working group were taken as slaves and under population because most people were taken as slaves and others even died in the process of slave raiding. These reasons meant that Africa, unlike Europe would not have sufficient labor force that would drive the real wages and work towards making possible industrial profits. This therefore leads to the say that Europe underdeveloped Africa through Atlantic slave trade. Several arguments have been put across claiming that the Atlantic slave trade, exported to the European continent part of the African’s comparative advantage in the production of commodities for the dynamic world market. This as a result is said to have hindered the growth and development of goods production for international, markets by the African continent. Further argument has been made that the African societies have been under structured and underdeveloped as a result of the Atlantic trade. In trying to relate the wealth of the European continent and that of Africa, it can be noted that through the Atlantic trade, Europe underdeveloped Africa when a comparison between the enrichment of Europe and impoverishment of Africa through the removal of labor power in the process of slave trading is made. The slave trade was followed by the entry of the Europeans into the interior part of the coastal region. This as a result facilitated the expansion of the slave trade at the interior parts of the coastal regions. The slave comprised an element of an economic cycle which consists of three parts. The Atlantic slave trade involved four centuries that is; from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century, four continents and several people. According to the Africans and African – American scholars the slave trade would rather be called a great disaster since it involved a lot of suffering on the part of the Africans who were sold as slaves and especially those who were taken through raids and kidnapping. The suffering on the Africans was not however only felt by those who were taken as slaves but also the families of those who were taken as slaves and Africa as a whole. This is because in the process of raiding to get the slaves so many people were killed and several others injured rendering thousands of children orphans. In addition lots of property was destroyed during the raids leaving most Africans homeless and without any food. Furthermore many families lost their loved ones either by being kidnapped as slaves, being sold as slaves or being killed through the raids. Economically, Africans lost a lot, first from the destruction of property during the raids and secondly, most of the African men who were taken as slaves were the strong energetic men who could have worked in the African farms and industries to improve the economy of Africa. Other than the deaths that occurred in Africa during the acquisition of slaves, several other deaths occurred among the African captives both inside and outside America. These deaths occurred during the transportation of the Africans to the new continent, during their storage and at the preliminary landing in the new continent or so it is said. The total number of deaths that occurred is claimed to remain unknown up to this moment though the number was approximated to be between sixteen to twenty million. The Trans Atlantic slave trade was associated with cruelty and inhumanity when dealing with the African slaves which reduced the slaves to just mere commodities other than human beings. For the slaves who survived the middle passage were provided with very little amount of food, shelter and clothing and were expected to do a lot of work. The African slaves however were not enslaved for life, the slaves were paid salaries and from that they were able to acquire wealth. In addition to the salary and acquisition of wealth, the African slaves could buy their freedom and be given social promotion which was not good enough compared to the lives they could have led in their homes with their families. Looking at the economists like David Ricardo and Adam Smith they believe that the Atlantic trade impoverished Africa and advocating trade and competition are the source of maximum welfare gains to humanity. Since the occurrence of the Atlantic slave trade Africa has always been left behind with the Africans stagnating in the continent prevalent with disorders, AIDS, and negative growth rate. The Atlantic slave trade indeed contributed to the development of Europe. However according to some scholars the Atlantic trade brought mutual benefit to both Europe and Africa, for instance a comment made at the university of Bender Arena on the history of slavery and the development of America and Europe pointed out that â€Å"Africa subsidized America with all the labor provided, America subsidized Europe and therefore Africa was the mother of all subsidies. For the Europeans the Atlantic slave trade was a source of development as they believed that labor was removed from where it was totally unproductive to where it was tremendously productive. They claim that this gave an opportunity for the world output to grow far beyond what it would have been if the slaves could have been kept within the African continent. According to the Europeans it was better off for Africans to be taken to Europe and America as slaved than remain in Africa since they believed that Africans stagnate in their continent due to diseases, primitive technology and short lives. According to the Americans the slave was for the good of the Africans since they claimed that the Atlantic slave trade involved the transfer of the slaves from a region with scarce labor to a region with abundant labor. The African leaders sold away inland populations who lacked protection. In return to this the African leaders came with foreign commodities including the European gunpowder and Indian cloth among others which were some of the merchandise that the Europeans and the North Americans exchanged for the slaves. The Atlantic slave trade actually developed the European empire given that one of the reasons why the Atlantic slave trade was started was because one of the resources that were missing in the expansion of the European empires was work force. The African slaves were therefore to provide this work force to help in the expansion of European colonies. Therefore Europeans became beneficiaries of the Atlantic slave trade since through the trade they were able to expand their empires. The indigenous people had proved so unreliable in the expansion of European empire forcing the Europeans to go for more reliable work force. Most of the indigenous people were found to have been dying from diseases that were brought from Europe. On the other hand the climate was not fit for the Europeans and they also suffered from tropical diseases. The only people who were found to be reliable were the Africans who proved to be excellent workers and with their experience in agriculture and cattle keeping, they got used to the tropical climate, were resistant to tropical diseases and could be used to work very hard both in the plantations and mines. Due to this reliability, the Europeans had no option but to go for Africans whom they were convinced could work perfectly well. As a result they resorted to slave trade which they thought was the easiest way to obtain the Africans to work for them. The development of the Europeans also came about as a result of immediate planting of tobacco which they began as soon as they captured the African slaves and were therefore sure that they had sufficient labor to work in their tobacco plantations. The tobacco plantations became very productive making tobacco to become the first successful commercial crop in Europe. As a result of this slave trade plantation agriculture and sugar production also became very common in the parts of the Mediterranean which led to the production of sugar from Asia to Europe. In addition there was the production of indigo which was used in textile dyes and later became the turn toward sugar making it the most expensive commercial crop to produce in Europe. Apart from the plantation agriculture and sugar production, the Europeans also populated the African slaves in their mines and factories. In general the African slaves became very important labor force in European agricultural production. The Atlantic slave marked the revival of the European long distance trading. This was due to the first crusade which brought the European Christians into the slave trade and slave production. In addition, the Europeans got an opportunity to gain a plentiful labor supply for the exploitation of their new colonies from the Atlantic slave trade. As a result Europe began experiencing increased population growth by the sixteenth century and therefore relied so much on the migrations of her poorer peasants and urban dwellers to America to provide its American labor needs. The rise and the fall of Atlantic slave trade pose different problems to the participants. For the Africans the rise of the Atlantic slave trade was such a problem in that its effects on the African society became a critical problem in the African history. The rise of the Atlantic trade however for the European history was a multipart economic being which was centered on the production of tropical staples in America and which was to be consumed by the Europeans. The fact that this production of tropical staples was facilitated by the labor of African slaves was a very important factor for the Europeans in their competition for overseas empire in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. On the other hand the fall of the Atlantic slave trade was an important moment for the Africans as it marked a time when they were to start recollecting their lives and recovering their lost property. It also marked the end of mass killing of Africans by the slave traders. For the Europeans it marked a time when they had to seek alternative labor sources to be able to continue with their developments and productions in their plantations, farms, mines and factories. Conclusion It is a fact that development in Africa remains mysterious, not because there are poor rulers or perverted leadership in Africa but because Africa was severely destroyed in the process of slave trading and also by colonialism which came as a result slave trade. As this happens however, the Europeans continue to enjoy their success in the plantations which became successful as a result of labor force provided by the African slaves. The Atlantic trade indeed brought problems of population growth and economic development for the Africans while it became of European economic interests. The Atlantic slave trade definitely enriched and developed Europe and impoverished and under developed Africa. Bibliography Roger, Anstey. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British abolition, 1760-1810. London: Macmillan, 1975, 245- 53. Clarke, John Henrik. Christopher Columbus and the African Great Disaster. Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism London: Macmillan Press, 1999, 167- 179. Curtin, Philip D. Atlantic Slave Trade. University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, 463-69. Rescher, R. and Seymour J. From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery. London: Macmillan Press, 1999, 128- 135. Jacob Klein Herbert S. Slave Trade in the Atlantic. Cambridge: University Press, 1999, 15- 20. Thomas and Hugh. The Slave Trading: The Histories of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 1870. London: Picador, 1997, 400- 11.

Definition Of Critical Review

Definition Of Critical Review To Critique research articles mean careful and critical appraisal of strength and limitations of a piece of research, rather than hunting for and exposing mistake (Polit and Beck 2008). A research critique is not a summary of the article but find scope and limitation and balance of the validity and significance. Definition of critical review You need to put your heading in bold and separate to your paragraph :A critical review is an evaluation of an academic article or essay. It requested to make judgments, positive or negative, about the text using various criteria. It is an overall critical appraisal, which mainly focuses on the reliability, validity, strengths and weakness, rather than the faults or weakness of the research (New South Wales University, learning Centre date?). The review supposes to be objective, balance discussion and evaluation of the strengths and weakness. (New South Wales University, learning Centre date?). It is the summarization and evaluation of the ideas and information in an article. It expresses the writers point of view in the light of what you already know on the subject and what is acquired from related texts. Purpose of the essay- The aim of this assignment is to develop a solid understanding of the experiences of residents in nursing home care by critiquing a published qualitative health research. Say who wrote the article, give article title and details. It helps to find out participants belief about their own role and the role of nurses in controlling and managing their condition. Potential benefit from conducting critical review of article is increase share control with health care staff in residential care facilities as well as increase awareness in health care staff, employer and in public. In this article critical thinking frame work is based on critical review guideline for qualitative studies by Beck, C 2009, Critiquing Qualitative Research, Aorn Journal, vol. 90, no.4, pp. 543-545. This article reviewed due to its design and contribution to health care facility;? A bit unclear to read in addition it also increases nursing knowledge and provide awareness in society. Reason behind to use this frame is provides specific guideline and cover all most question of critique such as how to do critique on title, phenomenon, structure, research design analysis data, findings and other prospective of the article. Title: please give exact study details here -otherwise it is hard to read and mark. I presume from your references you are critiquing: Nakrem, S, Vinsnes, A. G, Seim, A, 2011. Residents experiences of interpersonal factors in nursing home care: A qualitative study, International Journal of Nursing Studies vol .48 no.11, pp. 1357-1366. Title of the study is well-described and self-explanatory. It describes residents experience of factors while living in a nursing home. The article title find out age of participants, their experiences of interpersonal relationship factors in nursing home care Title is already indicate it is a qualitative study and title match with context of article. The objective of study is clearly stated in article. Abstract: The abstract part: aim was finding out the experiences of the residents with direct nursing care in relation to interpersonal aspects of quality of care. Background stating as life expectancy rate is lengthening the number of those needing care in nursing home will also increase dramatically over the period of next 20 years (Huber et al., 2009) Quality of care across developed countries mainly focuses on patient safety, excellence in care and patient satisfaction (Nakrem et al., 2009) Method: phenomenological methodology had been used. Findings were divided into category and then sub categories. Conclusion quality of nursing care depends upon individual approach to medical, physical and psychosocial care, including interpersonal aspects of care. Researcher used a short sentence to cover all aspect of research, also describes well information of data analysis and result. Overall, the abstract clearly and concisely summarized. Introduction: Statement of problem; the problem statement is unequivocally and easily located in the first paragraph of the article. The researcher focus on how nursing home quality can be understands from resident point of view. The problem certainly has significance for nursing because the life expectancy and number of resident will increase in the next 20 years. The problem statement convinced clearly and having an ability to persuade because the study is a greater understanding of interpersonal factors which is very important for improving the quality of patient nurse relationship in nursing homes. This is a bit confusing to read This statement of a problem does build a cogent and persuasive argument for the new study as the consideration of interpersonal relationship factors and quality of nursing care could be difference from nurses and residents perspective. It has a great significance in nursing as people who were the owners of the house is now the residents of the nursing home. So they believe their integrity is at risk in nurse patient interaction and care. They feel more dependent and sometime helpless. So its very important to study those aspects and find out the drawbacks, so that they can be rectified and the residents feel safer, secure and live their life happily in nursing home. The match between the research problem and the qu alitative paradigm and tradition used in the study is good. The researcher used the phenomenological methods in order to explain the life experience of people in nursing home in regards to quality of care and their expectations. Research questions: In this article author did not clearly state the researcher question, the open ended questions were used and these research questions were further divided in to sub categories for more understanding of problems. Research questions are related with the study. Qualitative method of data collection fits the research question by using phenomenological theory, in residents with lived experience (Polit, Beck Hungler 2001, p.214). Literature review: The reporter adequately summarized research that had been conducted on the phenomenon of interpersonal aspects of nursing care. The author clearly stated the gaps in the knowledge, in previous study it was identified that to provide good quality of care and to understand interpersonal aspect of care is essential and residents are primary source to find out the interpersonal factor and outcomes of care, on other hand recent study provide better understanding of interpersonal factor by taking depth interviews of the residence in order to improve the relationship of the residents with their nurses and also in the improvement of the quality of nursing. Conceptual underpinnings: the researcher provided a conceptual definition of the key concept of interpersonal aspects of quality care. This helps the reader to understand what interpersonal aspects of nursing referred to, and it includes not only medical care but also physical and psychological care, to protect their integrity and to recognize their individuali psychosocial needs. Be careful of odd capitals in sentences. The researcher did not state philosophical basis of this study in introduction. the author didnt make any conceptual framework for this study, he just compare and contrast the content on one research theory to compare the content of the study but he did consider the ethical aspect of study, took approval from regional committee for medical and health research either for maintaining privacy and confidentiality of the information collected from the study. Methods:- Protecting the participants rights: Approval was obtained from regional committee for medical and health research. However, according to Minichiello et al (2004), the ethical components not just ethics committee and follow-up support but also the informed consent, keeping patients information confidently and the right of withdrew the study. Ethical issues related to the research include informed consent, the identity of the researcher, the purpose and nature of the study, the right to refuse and to participate and other such as responsibilities of researcher and possible study benefits, side effects, privacy, autonomy, confidentiality, anonymity etc. these all aspects were taken into consideration by regional committee of medical and health research ethics. For data collection, confidentiality and right to refuse and withdrawal and written consent in addition to oral consent was taken from residents. Leave a line between sections Research design and research tradition: Appropriate methods of data gathering and analysis for this study are based on in-depth interviews.This is a qualitative study and the author has used a descriptive and exploratory research design. A phenomenological method is used in which the idea is taken from of the individuals who have actually experienced the situation. (Taylor, Roberts. 2007, p. 336 incorrect in text reference- always leave author initial out of body of text) The researchers used the phenomenological study to describe the life experiences of people in nursing home in regards to quality of care and their expectations (Vivilaki Johnson 2008). An adequate time was spent with participants, each interview was lasted for one hour and author find that the long-term residents are individuals with individual background but they also have a shared meaning of experience living in nursing home, so by comparing and contrasting the interpretations of meanings to combine and put toge ther them in general account. Sample and setting: Participants were selected on based of condition and on the eligible criteria completed by the researchers. This is the plus point for the research (Rawlinson ?1999, p.859) Initially 24 participants between the ages of 45 to 100 years were chosen from four municipal public nursing homes in Norway. Sample is taken from small, medium and large public nursing homes in rural and urban areas. But only 15 participants chosen with 9 women, 75 92 years old and 6 men 80- 96 years old, gave interview, there was a well described site and recruitment of participants which shows that sample size was not adequate. The inclusion criteria was set on the basis that they were mentally sound residents in the nursing home for minimum of a month and longer and had physical and mental capacity to participate. Individuals those are selected to participate in qualitative research is based on their first-hand experience with a culture social or phenomenon of interest (this is not an author surname. You really need some tutoring from the Student Learning Centre to help you to write correct in text references et.al 2011,p-28) sample decision were made and the sample framed according to the purpose of the study, there is no hard and fast rule rules about numbers, Sample size was not adequate to make a general statement should take at least 50 or 60 sample to make a general statement. For qualitative study it could be 10 -100 but minimum 30 should be when looking for evidence or trying to achieve maximum variation (Tuckett 2004, p.2). Data collection: The data was collected by in-depth interviews with the residents. One researcher, to assist the residents an interview guide with open-ended questions, conducted all interviews and probes were used. Three experts reviewed it. A narrative approach was used to encourage the resident to freely speak about their experience. The interviewer repeated and summarised during the interviews to check whether it was correct. Procedure: The procedure used to collect and record data were adequately described and were appropriate for phenomenological study. Because resident tell their views to the researcher in interviews and bias were minimised. How ? The author did not discussed about staff training for data collection. Enhancement and rigor: The rigour in qualitative research is demonstrated through researchers, attention to and confirmation of information discovered. The goal of rigor in qualitative research is to accurately represent study participant experienced (p.41) different methods was used to enhance the trustworthiness of the data and analysis, to enhance rigour in data analysis the authors of the article were all involved in discussions about development of analytical concepts. Researcher documented researcher procedures and decision process sufficiently to confirm that the finding is suitable and confirmable, the author himself and two other interviewers coded interview separately and compared with the coding done by main author and discussed for abstraction in categories and subgroups in meeting. Data analysis: Data was analysed by recording and transcribed the data by verbally, the data analytical approach was consisted of coding with categorization, and Interviewer took notes and summarized them. Moreover, interviewer also listened the tape recording carefully and meaningful entities in the transcript were also identified and interviewees expressions were sorted into more specific categories and finally each category was synthesized by comparing and contrasting with the already existing theory and literature. An electronic tool was used for mind mapping as well. To enhancing the rigour of the study all authors were involved in discussion about the development of analytical concepts. The main author coded all interview and all study was discussed the abstractions into categories and subgroups by the authors.(Ryan Nichollas Will 2009). Good Findings: Finding from the qualitative studies may be a show constructive format of phenomena (Polit, Beck Hungler 2001, p.313). The findings of this research highlight and acknowledge the importance of nurses in general and specialized (holistic) care, prevention of complications and prioritizing the individual needs. Findings also expressed the quality of care according to residents point of view to optimize and fulfil their medical, physical and psychosocial needs whilst protecting their integrity, dignity and social status. Findings mainly regard quality of care by building up long-term relationship between nurses and residents to enhance psychosocial wellbeing. Findings were all expressed in the article under separate subheadings for easy review and understanding. Interpretation of the findings: Finding is interpreted within an appropriate frame. Author focused on finding related to interpersonal factor of direct nursing care. ?the finding interpreted and discussed within the context of previous studies. The author compares the study with the previous study. In previous study (author, date) it was identified that to provide good quality of care to the residents, to understand interpersonal aspect of care is essential and residents are primary source to find out the interpersonal factors and outcomes of care while recent study provides better understanding of interpersonal factors by taking depth interviews of the residents in order to improve the relationship of the residents with their nurses and also in the improvement of the quality of nursing care. Both studies focus on the interpersonal aspect of care so that nurses can provide better quality of care to residents because residents have long term relationship with nurses in nursing homes. And also author mention about li mitation of this study nurse as representative of the health care took interview from the residents might be reluctant to criticize the nursing home quality and author did not put many efforts to understand cultural of the interviewees. Author did not address the issue of transferability of the finding due to small sample consisting of mentally lucid residents from four nursing homes. Implication and recommendation: Presentation: The report was well written, flowed logically, and was written in enough detail for critical analysis .the description of finding was rich and powerful. Researcher credibility: The researcher qualification enhanced confidence in the finding. Researcher was member of Norway College of Nursing facility. Summary assessment: The study result appears trustworthy. Trustworthiness is at the heart of a qualitative research critique (Beck 2009) This study provide some evidence that can be used in nursing practice in help in improving interpersonal relationship and quality of care in nursing homes. Appear to be trustworthy but author could take more sample/ participants in this study to make finding more general.? does this apply to qualitative work? Conclusion: This is critiquing and qualitative study about a quality of nursing care in nursing home .This qualitative study is to understand the real needs of the residents and how these needs can be fulfilled by the nurses. Nurses are required to understand the individual needs of the patient through their knowledge and skills in order to provide the holistic care to the residents. Nurses need to maintain the residents autonomy and dignity in order to improve the quality of nursing care. Overall, this was a good qualitative article. The researcher used a qualitative research design to explore the experience of residents those who live in the nursing home and providing the evidence for the practice for the healthcare to fulfill the individual needs through interpersonal relationship. The strength of this article would be great purpose, right methodology, and strong rigor. As mentioned previously, strong rigor was the most important part of qualitative study. However, study sample ta ken was small and the interview was taken by one of the nurse of the nursing may be this affect the views of the resident (Galvin et.al 2005, p-92). References: Beck, C 2009, Critiquing Qualitative Research, Aorn Journal, vol. 90, no.4, pp. 543-545. Leave a line between each one, no need to number them Galvin, Cathy, Roiste first name? and Aine first name?2005, Living in care: older person experience of nursing homes, Irish Journal of applied social studies, vol. 6, issue.1. Hilarie, Surrena 2011, Qualitative research in nursing,5th edn, China Minichiello, V Sullivan, G Greenwood, K and Axford, R 2004, Handbook of research methods for nursing and health science, 2nd Pearson Education Australia, Australia. Nakrem, S, Vinsnes, A. G, Seim, A, 2011. Residents experiences of interpersonal factors in nursing home care: A qualitative study, International Journal of Nursing Studies vol .48 no.11, pp. 1357-1366. New South Wales University Learning Centre n.d., Writing a Critical Review, viewed 21 Oct 2011 Polit, D.F Beck, C.T, 2008, Nursing research : generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice, 8thedn, pp.105-138, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. Polit, DF, Beck, CT Hungler, BP 2001, Essential of nursing research methods, appraisal, and utilization, 5th edn, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. Ryan-Nicholls, KD Will, CI 2009, Rigour in qualitative research: mechanisms for control, Nurse Researcher, vol. 16, no. 3, viewed 9 September 2012, (online Bell Howell/ProQuest). Taylor, B Roberts, K 2007, Research in nursing and health care: evidence for practice, 3rd edn, Thomson, South Melbourne. Thomas, Sp Pollio, HR 2002, Listening to patients: a phenomenological approach to nursing research and practice, Springer, New York. Tuckett, A, 2009,Qualitative research sampling -The very real complexties nursing research,vol.12, no.1,P.2. Vivilaki, V Johnson, M 2008, Research philosophy and Socrates: rediscovering the birth of phenomenology, Nurse Researcher, vol. 16, no. 1, viewed 9 September 2012, (online Bell Howell/ProQuest). Appendix A Critiquing Qualitative Research put author details here also Basic Questions for Critiquing Title Introduction in Qualitative Reports Title Was the title a good one, suggesting the key phenomenon and the group or community under study? Introduction Statement of the problem Is the problem stated unambiguously and is it easy to identify? Does the problem statement build a cogent and persuasive argument for the new study? Does the problem have significance for nursing? Is there a good match between the research problem on the one hand and the paradigm, tradition, and methods on the other? Research questions Are research questions explicitly stated? If not, is their absence justified? Are the questions consistent with the studys philosophical basis, underlying tradition, conceptual framework, or ideological orientation? Literature review Does the report adequately summarize the existing body of knowledge related to the problem or phenomenon of interest? Does the literature review provide a solid basis for the new study? Conceptual underpinnings Are key concepts adequately defined conceptually? Is the philosophical basis, underlying tradition, conceptual framework, or ideological orientation made explicit and is it appropriate for the problem? Basic Questions for Critiquing Results in Qualitative Reports Results Data analysis Were the data management (e.g., coding) and data analysis methods sufficiently described? Was the data analysis strategy compatible with the research tradition and with the nature and type of data gathered? Did the analysis yield an appropriate product (e.g., a theory, taxonomy, thematic pattern, etc.)? Did the analytic procedures suggest the possibility of biases? Findings Were the findings effectively summarized, with good use of excerpts and supporting arguments? Do the temes adequately capture the meaning of the data? Does it appear that the research satisfactorily conceptualized the themes or patterns in the data? Did the analysis yield an insightful, provocative, and meaningful picture of the phenomenon under investigation? Theoretical integration Are the themes or patterns logically connected to each other to form a convincing and integrated whole? Were the figures, maps, or models used effectively to summarize conceptualizations? If a conceptual framework or ideological orientation guided the study, are the themes or patterns linked to it in a cogent manner? Basic Questions for Critiquing Discussion in Qualitative Reports Discussion Interpretation of the findings Are the findings interpreted within an appropriate frame of reference? Are major findings interpreted and discussed within the context of prior studies? Are the interpretations consistent with the studys limitations? Does the report address the issue of the transferability of the findings? Implications and recommendations Do the researchers discuss the implications of the study for clinical practice or further inquiry, and are those implications reasonable and complete? Basic Questions for Critiquing Methods in Qualitative Reports Methods Protection of participants rights Were appropriate procedures used to safeguard the rights of study participants? Was the study subject to external review? Was the study designed to minimize risks and maximize benefits to participants? Research design and research tradition Is the identified research tradition (if any) congruent with the methods used to collect and analyze data? Was an adequate amount of time spent in the field or with study participants? Did the design unfold in the field, giving researchers opportunities to capitalize on early understandings? Was there evidence of reflexivity in the design? Was there an adequate number of contacts with study participants? Sample and setting Was the group or population of interest adequately described? Were the setting and sample described in sufficient detail? Was the approach used to gain access to the site or to recruit participants appropriate? Was the best possible method of sampling used to enhance information richness and address the needs of the study? Was the sample size adequate? Was saturation achieved? Data collection Were the methods of gathering data appropriate? Were data gathered through two or more methods to achieve triangulation? Did the researcher ask the right questions or make the right observations, and were they recorded in an appropriate fashion? Was a sufficient amount of data gathered? Was the data of sufficient depth and richness? Procedures Were data collection and recording procedures adequately described and do they appear appropriate? Was data collected in a manner that minimized bias or behavioral distortions? Were the staff who collected data appropriately trained? Enhancement of rigor Were methods used to enhance the trustworthiness of the data (and analysis), and was the description of those methods adequate? Were the methods used to enhance credibility appropriate and sufficient? Did the researcher document research procedures and decision processes sufficiently that findings are auditable and confirmable? Basic Questions for Critiquing Global Issues in Qualitative Reports Global Issues Presentation Was the report well written, well organized, and sufficiently detailed for critical analysis? Were the descriptions of the methods, findings, and interpretations sufficiently rich and vivid? Researcher(s) credibility Do the researchers clinical, substantive, or methodological qualifications and experience enhance confidence in the findings and their interpretation? Summary assessment Do the study findings appear to be trustworthy and do you have confidence in the truth value of the results? Does the study contribute any meaningful evidence that can be used in nursing practice or that is useful to the nursing discipline? Please add rubric FU logo L mono Faculty of Health Sciences School of Nursing Midwifery NURS2107/NURS2107A Evidence for Health Care Practice 2 Content marking guide for assignment 3 Introduction (20%) Grade HD D C P F Purpose of essay clearly stated (2.5%) x No stated purpose A critical review explained/defined (2.5%) x No explanation/definition Potential benefits of conducting critical reviews clearly explained (5%) x Potential benefits of conducting critical reviews not stated Article to be reviewed introduced and context set (2.5%) x No introduction of article to be reviewed or context set Critical thinking framework(s) clearly outlined and rationale for using them explained (5%) x No explanation of critical thinking framework(s) Structure/headings of essay clearly stated (2.5%) x Structure/headings of essay not clear Critical review: quantitative study (40%) Grade HD D C P F Critique of title, authors and journal (2.5%) No critique of title, authors and journal Critique of abstract (2.5%) No critique of abstract Critique of introduction/literature review /background (10%) No critique of literature review Critique of research design/methodology/methods (10%) No critique of research design/methodology/methods Critique of validity and reliability (2.5%) No critique of validity and reliability Critique of ethical issues (2.5%) No critique of ethical issues Critique of findings (5%) No critique of findings Critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations (5%) No critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations Conclusions: quantitative study (10%) Grade HD D C P F Effective and succinct summary of main findings of critical review (5%) No summary of main findings of critique process Established significance of studys findings relating to evidence-based practice (5%) Significance of studys findings relating to evidence-based practice not stated Critical review: qualitative study (40%) Grade HD D C P F Critique of title, authors and journal (2.5%) x No critique of title, authors and journal Critique of abstract (2.5%) x No critique of abstract Critique of introduction/literature review /background (10%) x No critique of literature review Critique of research design/methodology/methods (10%) x No critique of research design/methodology/methods Critique of study rigour (2.5%) x No critique of validity and reliability or rigour Critique of ethical issues (2.5%) x No critique of ethical issues Critique of findings (5%) x No critique of findings Critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations (5%) x No critique of discussion, conclusions, implications, limitations and recommendations Conclusions: qualitative study (10%) Effective and succinct summary of main findings of critical review (5%) x No summary of main findings of the critique process Establishing significance of studys findings relating to evidence-based practice (5%) x Significance of study

brave new world :: essays research papers

In Brave New World, by Alduous Huxley, a new and controversial society is presented to its audience. A world of artificial intelligence where humans are cultivated in test tubes and social class is predetermined by the chemical mix they receive in vitro leads John Savage into corruption. He is torn between a world in which people’s fates were placed upon themselves and a world in which Alphas and Betas ruled a society with n identity. Thomas Mavin gives thorough insight into the classification of the two societies and favors the world of Malpais, a society that allows people to have control over their lives and experience true feelings instead of fake happiness. Between these two worlds with different positions on free will, the only way for people to live a truly meaningful life would be to live in Malpais.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Brave New World, Huxley created a society in which people acted upon the cast they were born in. There was no such thing as free will and happiness could be purchased in a pill, soma. In fact, Arthur Cross wrote in A Shorter History of England and Greater Britain that â€Å"In Brave New World, there’s pleasure as a substitute for freedom.† In this world, people would rather become blind to the truth of life by forcing themselves into a â€Å"high† instead of dealing with the facts of life. With this pill, people are able to take themselves away from stressful, depressing, or uncomfortable moments of life. They become oblivious to true life. In fact, to many of they characters who constantly use the pill, their lives become dreams because often they are not truly living in it. Cross also points out that the Brave New World was more stable and well maintained because of conformity and single points of views. In the society today, there is the constant threat of wars and altercations with different people or countries. With a uniform society, comes uniform ideas and peace. With this in mind, countries save millions of dollars because there is no need for weapons of mass destruction. This new society becomes thoroughly efficient. There is only one leader, the World Leader, and the people live under his iron- clad fist. With the Democratic Party and Republican Party in today’s society comes constant conflict and there is always one side that will be unpleased with certain decisions and laws.

Corporate America and Modern Society Essay -- essays research papers

Corporate America and Modern Society Large corporations affect most of society today, and these affects have split the U.S. workers into two factions. People are becoming frustrated over companies having huge lay-offs, firing thousands of employees, shutting down businesses, and moving to countries like Mexico to make a bigger profit. What happens to those people who have families to take care of? Where are they going to find money to pay for their children’s medical bills, education, food, and clothing? How are they going to tell their spouses that they now have to work two jobs to take care of costs for their family? Top executives of large corporations often earn millions of dollars a year in salaries, bonuses, and benefits while the vast majority of people who work for them earn moderate wages, sometimes no more than the minimum hourly amount required by law. Some people believe that this type of a system for hourly working is wrong. Others argue that no change is possible without stifling human initiative. H ow might the economic system be changed? Should it be changed? History of Large Corporations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The industrial revolution in America during the early part of the 20th century brought many new changes to society with the introduction of factories, construction, and businesses. As time progressed through the years, small businesses soon started looking to increase their market nationally. As small businesses soon turned into large corporations, they began to spread across the country giving people quality products anywhere in the United States. The economy was booming. Competition between businesses was moving at an incredible rate, producing many products and improving the Gross National Product. America was becoming the most powerful nation in the world. There were plenty of jobs for families to find work. As businesses grew, bureaucratic systems were set up within them to ensure better management. One man could no longer run his business alone. He needed supervisors to reach every employee. Hierarchies were introduced and so businesses were now ran by a select few individuals who were most likely the founders of the company, and they got all the profit. Capitalism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people say that today’s minimum wage is not a livable wage. That it doesn’t make up for the cost of living in today’s society... ...ple want a change, there will be a change. Works Cited Cody, David. â€Å"Child Labor†. 1987. http://65.107.211.206/victorian/history/hist8.html (1 May 2002). New York Times. â€Å"Executive Paywatch 2002†. 2002.. http://www.aflcio.org/paywatch/index.htm (24 April 2002). Moore, Michael. The Big One. 1996. Reich, Robert B. Goleman, Daniel. â€Å"Point, counter point†. Training & Development, April 1999. Vol. 53 Issue 4 p26. Eisenscher, Michael. â€Å"Sweatshop Abuses Continue†. Nov. 30, 1997. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/40/041.html (1 May 2002). Kronemer, Alexander. â€Å"Narrowing the Wage Gap†. Monthly Labor Review. Nov99, Vol. 122 Issue 11, p79. Blau, Francine D. Kahn M. Lawrence. â€Å"Wage Inequality: International Comparisons of Its Sources†. 1996. http://www.aei.org/cs/cs6931.htm. (22 April 2002) Kazis, Richard and Miller, Marc S. â€Å"Low Wage Workers in the New Economy†. 2002 http://www.urban.org/pubs/low_wage/index.html (24 April 2002) McCarthy, Jim. â€Å"Salary Gap Continues to Widen† Techniques: Connecting Education & Careers, Mar 2002, Vol. 75 Issue 3, p8. Robertson, Michael. â€Å" The Minimum Wage: Some New Evidence†. Journal of Labor Research, Winter 2002, Vol. 23 Issue 1, p1.

Truth and Fiction in Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Essays -- In Cold Bl

How In Cold Blood Capote Desensitized Our Ability to Differentiate Between Truth and Fiction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading In Cold Blood brought me a new literary and psychological understanding. I realized what such a heinous murder would do to a town like Holcomb, Kansas. I always took my childhood for granted; nothing bad happened in our town, nothing equal to the ugliness of the Clutter murder.   After rereading In Cold Blood, I read every piece of literary criticism on the book as I could find.   I began to consider the impact of Capote on today's based-on-fact books and movies. My goal was to discover whether the blurring of the line between truth and fiction has befogged how we, as readers and viewers, differentiate between truth and fiction.    What I learned (or didn't learn). Wendy Lesser, in an article for the Los Angeles Times, wrote of her interest in murder in literature. She went so far as to teach a literature class at UC Santa Cruz on murder. The class focused on works of fiction based on true facts (books that Capote would have said were non-fiction novels), books such as Norman Mailer's The Executioners Song, Joan Didion's The White Album, and Capote's In Cold Blood (par. 13). At the end of the semester, one of her students said, " 'I've really enjoyed this course, but I'm worried that it's hardened me. I mean, I don't know how seriously I take murder anymore'" (par.15). Lesser replied that by looking at murder as art, you move away from the seeing it as murder (par.16).    Truman Capote claimed to have invented a new type of literature with In Cold Blood, the non-fiction novel (Plimpton, par 2). Although others (particularly Daniel DeFoe in A Journal of the Plague Year) had used this technique b... ...into small-town Kansas with his long floating scarf and his negligees." The Guardian. 76 pars. 14 February 1998. Lexis-Nexis. Swanson, William. "Murder, He Wrote." MPLS-St. Paul Magazine. 14 pars. November 1995. InfoTrac. Yagoda, Ben. "In Cold Facts, Some Books Falter." The New York Times. 18 pars. 15 March 1998, late ed. Lexis-Nexis. Works Consulted Boxer, Sarah. "When Truth Challenges Fiction and Becomes Art." The New York Times. 13 pars. 8 May 2000, late ed. Lexis-Nexis. Fremont-Smith, Eliot. "Books of the Times: In Cold Blood." New York Times Book Review. 12 pars. 10 January 1966. Lexis-Nexis. King, Larry. "Truman Capote and the Murder that Horrified a Nation." Larry King Live. CNN. 25 November 1997. Transcript. Lexis-Nexis. Knickerbocker, Conrad. "1960's Kansas Death Trip." New York Times. 9 pars. 6 October 1966, late ed. Lexis-Nexis.

Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan Essay

Introduction For many schools across the country there have been many studies on what type of communication is best for students, teachers, and parents going into the 21st century. Many school districts have chosen the (CMC) technology which is the Computer mediated communication and it has dramatically changed the ways for students to interact with their professors, especially for communication outside of the classroom (which is better choice pg1). For my future classrooms this along with the phone and paper is my preferred communication method of choice. Class Website From many studies students who are older prefer asynchronous communication such as email can effectively help students in solving problems outside of the classroom. Recently synchronous communication such as a virtual office hours using online chat was also widely used in the class room. (Which is a better choice page 9) For a school website to exist the schools must first follow these four objectives. 1: An introduction to who the school is. 2: An interface of outside resources 3: Publisher of good works 4: A Data resource. (Tech Trends vol 49 num. 6 pages 1.) Most schools already have websites that display this information however what would need to be created is simply a white board that parents and faculty members who are involved with the kindergarten level can access. White board A whiteboard is simply a website that parents and faculty members alike can log onto and check what is happening in the classroom as well as grades. For kindergarten I propose that this whiteboard would have a white page with buttons at the top that will take them to different links. These buttons are laid out in a simple tool bar layout. |Teacher |Student List |Grades |Work for week |School Calendar |Current curriculum |Classroom policies and | |Contact Info. . | | | | | |procedures | Tool Bar Buttons A: Teacher contact info. – This will have my contact information and the hours I am available as well as my vision and mission statement. B: This will have the student’s names that are listed in my class as well as their parents Emergency contact information only visible to faculty. C: Will list the current grades for each subject for the quarter or semester that we are currently in. D: This will have any subjects or work that we are working on for the week so that parents can visually see what we are doing in class. E: This will have a classroom calendar will subject time slots as well as break schedules, lunch times, and other time slots as needed F: This will have my classroom curriculum for the semester and will be constantly updated as it changes G: To me it is important for parents to know the behavior system that you as a teacher put into place as well as any school policies regarding anything from parent –teacher conflict ,kids misbehaving, lunch procedures, etc. All of this involves the webmaster for the school simply using basic html web creating code to create. The information that is based on the website is simple text with minimal visualization. Email/phone The other form of communication that I would have my parents use would be email system as well as phones. Most parents who are in the current age of computers and 21st technology are familiar with how to email and use smart phones as well. I would use this system to keep parents informed in any behavior issues as they occur. The phone system would be not only an emergency behavior contact system but also an important communication tool for any parent to contact me. Technology hindered parents Now there are parents out there who may be ESL parents that are not familiar with how to access the whiteboard or email. For these parents I would suggest sending out monthly handouts that explain A: How to use the white board and email. B: my contact information as well as the schools. C: Since I am pretty fluent in computers I would also try an hold a 1hour class free to parents a month to show them not only the benefits of technology but how to access our whiteboard for student and classroom information. Of course C is based on the amount of computers that our school district has provided us because as we all know some rural schools are still not able to provide a computer lab. How would I setup communication for this school? Non Computer lab school. For a school that doesn’t have a computer lab or website I would revert back to the old fashion way of creating a folder for my students to take home every Friday that would encompass all the information that would be normally available on the website. School Website security Since I am a teacher obviously computer security would be the webmasters job. However I would ask parents to join the schools computer website by creating a username and password so that they would have access to the resources available on the classroom whiteboard as well as the schools website. Faculty For the white board I would ask my fellow teachers to setup a development team to keep the specific kindergarten audience in mind. They would submit a design as to what appropriate sites, cultural analysis, content organization for a culturally responsive website, as well as development of the site and constant site evaluation. (Tec trends Vol 49, number 6 pg. 35) Eventually after the site was created and used for a year I would ask the development team to go back and perform an analysis to see how convenient the site use was for parents and faculty. Then I would ask this analysis information to be passed around to other schools as well as school districts in hopes that it would spread across the state as well as country. I would recommend using all of this analysis with the website http://teacher. scholastic. com/homepagebuilder/ to build the whiteboard and website for all schools. Conclusion As you can see my vision for communication for the 21st century framework not only includes technology of old (paper, phones) but a computer mediated  communication website that provides all the details of myself as a teacher plus the classroom information for my class. This type of technology will help not only the student to parent communication about what is going on in class but also the parent to teacher communication about my vision and mission statement as a teacher. I believe a white board is what every classroom should have in education for classroom of the 21st century References. Author A: Lei Li1Author B: Finley, John1Author C: Pitts, Jennifer1Author D: Rong Guo1 (2010). Which is a better choice for student-faculty interaction: synchronous or asynchronous communication? Journal of Technology Research; Sep2010, Vol. 2, p1-12, 11p, 5 Charts Author A: Miller, Susan1Author B: Adsit, Karen I. 2, 3 Author C: Miller, Ted4 (Dec 2005) Evaluating the Importance of Common Components in School-Based Websites: Frequency of Appearance and Stakeholders’ Judged Value. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning; Nov/Dec2005, Vol. 49 Issue 6, p34-40, 7p, 5 Charts Author A: Walters, Marlenel Author B: Fehring, Heather2 (2009) An investigation of the incorporation of Information and Communication Technology and thinking skills with Year 1 and 2 students. Australian Journal of Language & Literacy; Oct2009, Vol. 32 Issue 3, p258-272, 15p, 1 Black and White Photograph, 6 Diagrams, 1 Chart Website: http://teacher. scholastic. com/homepagebuilder/