Functions of Network Management

Functions of Network Management In this report, I will be explaining the functions of network management. There are many stages to creating a network, these are: Planning planning is crucial, as you will need to map out what kind of network you want to create and what its purpose will be Research researching what network devices and cabling will be required, also researching topologies to create a suitable network Design design is essential as you will need to know what your network will look like before its made Preparation begin creating your network, install the cabling and devices and connect them Development Set up the devices in the network and make sure they are on and ready to communicate Testing test the network and check that everything is up and running smoothly Maintenance if any issues arise, troubleshoot the errors and make sure that the network is stable Evaluation analyse and understand the network, if any problems occur, document them so it will be easier to troubleshoot in the future. Task 1: Functions of network management P4 Network configuration is necessary to allow computers in a network to communicate with each other. Configuration exists to control networks and allow troubleshooting or performance enhancements. There are many devices used in a network. The most important medium are routers and switches. When configured correctly, it will allow them to communicate which then allows users to communicate with each other. Fault management is compulsory in any network as it will detect problems and minimise failure. In case of failure, it will be prepared to troubleshoot the issues as quick as possible. By monitoring the networks, you can see if an error occurs it will ensure that the network is up for as long as possible. Fault management could be approached from a remotely controlled centralised console, which will allow you to easily reboot or troubleshoot one or more computer. Account management involves taking care of the users account and ensuring they can access all software easily. The admin will make user accounts for people in an office or school in order for the users to access their files at work. Account management groups together the users with the same rights on their accounts, which makes it simpler for the administrator as they can make a change to the entire user group rather than each account. Account management is required in large networks like schools and organisations as it will allow the administrator to manage multiple accounts easily as it would be hard to install software or enable access to every single account separately. The purpose of performance variables is to work out how key parts of the network are and have been performing. By checking this, it is possible to measure whether the performance is decreasing or increasing, this is crucial because if performance is decreasing, you will be able to see it. Examples of performance variables are user response times and network throughput. Network throughput is how fast data is transferred through a network. User response times are how fast the network is for users. Line utilisation is the amount of data on the cabling, if too much data is loaded onto the cable it will alter performance. Security is essential in any network in order to ensure safety; by implementing security in a network, you will prevent viruses and other threats such as hacking. It is possible to get viruses in many different forms such as files and documents on the internet, spyware, even physical issues can be a threat such as fires. Because there are different types of threats to a network, there are different ways to deal with them all. Firewalls and antivirus software should be installed to prevent viruses from entering a network. If a virus is in a network, it can sabotage the performance of the network and put the companys data in jeopardy. It is also very important to back up the files to another server in case of an attack so if any data is lost it can be restored effectively. Data logging is recording all of the information that passes through a network, this will make it easier to identify problems in the network, as you will be able to look through the data and analyse where an error has occurred. Logs are not usually kept permanently as they may not be necessary. It is useful to have data logs in parts of the network where errors occur to help you identify them as soon as possible. Checking performance and traffic is essential to ensure that your network is performing as well as it can and clearing up traffic will improve performance. Reporting is a management feature which documents performance and the data usage throughout the network to the admins. The reports are often taken using systems such as Windows Server which reports response time and performance of packets. Task 2: Fault Management M2 Fault Management Fault management in networks is to locate and troubleshoot problems in the network. Fault management is important to keep the network running efficiently. Why is fault management necessary in networks? Fault management is essential, as it will allow the network to perform at its maximum capacity without being disrupted. If any errors occur, data in the network could be jeopardised so by troubleshooting errors as soon as possible it will allow the network to run with minimal errors. This should be carried out remotely as it will be time consuming to physically go to each device throughout the network. The main goals of fault management in any network is to: Monitor the network remotely Enable alerts to warn the network engineer about any failures Create logs to see past failures and prevent future problems One of the goals of fault management is to monitor the network remotely through a centralised device. This will allow the network engineer to control the network quickly and efficiently as they will not need to access each physical device which can be very time consuming. By monitoring performance, the network engineer can troubleshoot failure quickly. Another goal of fault management is to enable alerts to warn the network engineer when there is a fault in the network immediately. By ensuring that the network engineer is notified about faults, the fault can either be prevented or solved as quick as possible. This will make sure that the effect on the performance is minimal. Finally, creating logs of faults are essential as it will allow the network engineer to look back at it in the future and solve the problem quicker. This will also show how well the network is performing as you can see every fault that has previously occurred. If there is a recurring fault in the network, the engineer will be able to prevent it and ensure that it doesnt happen again. If the network is affected by a failure, this can alter performance and could cause the network to crash. This will be atrocious for the company as it can prevent staff from communicating and doing their jobs. Task 3: Routine performance management D1 Routine performance management is scheduled routine maintenance. This means that the network will be checked on a regular basis to ensure that it is up to speed. This is crucial for any business as you will want to make sure that the network is running smoothly and the companys information or data is not in jeopardy. If a companys network isnt checked frequently, it could severely impact the company as they could be in danger of losing data or if a part of the network is down, they wont be able to communicate which will end up losing the company money. There are many different types of risks ranging from physical issues to hardware issues, for example a fire which can endanger both lives and the hardware in the network and if a switch or router is overloaded which can cause it to fail or perform slowly which will also majorly affect the company. There are a few tasks that the network manager must do to check and keep the network up and running efficiently. Backups are extremely important in a network in case of data loss or failure. If any data is lost and the data hasnt been backed up in a long time this will be a huge setback for the company as they will have lost important information. It is important to backup data at least daily or weekly to ensure that you have the latest data available to restore in case of any errors or failures in the network. Backups can be made to multiple places. The most common one is to a remote server which will hold the companys data. This is efficient as the data is all stored in one place so it is easier to access and minimises downtime. Companies also often use redundant array of independent disks (RAID) hard drive systems. This is known as a live backup feature that backs up data as it is written. It has many hard disks that are interconnected that contain all the data. This is extremely useful and can also minimise downtime as it will allow the network engineer to restore the data very quickly. User accounts are used in every organisation as employees will need their own personal accounts to access the network and do their jobs. Every user has a unique personal username which makes it easier to identify each user. All users have the same privileges and must change their passwords often due to security reasons. The network admin will have control over the user accounts and can help employees if they forget their password. Users are usually put into groups of departments or services, for examples, Sales or Accounting. This makes it much easier for the network engineer to control each section of the network and can make changes to a group of people with ease. It is also more organised as people that do the same job will be in the same group. This gives everybody the same privileges and allows them to do their jobs efficiently. Logon scripts are activated once someone logs onto a device in a network. It is very useful as it automatically carries out tasks. Scripts are developed in the command prompt with scripting languages. This is useful as it can utilise commands such as ipconfig and look through commands as soon as the device is up and running. If the network engineer had to manually carry this out every single time it would take very long. Virus scans are crucial in any network to ensure network safety and efficiency. The network admin will run virus scans regularly on all devices on the network. If any viruses are found they will be logged in the virus software to clearly outline how many viruses have occurred since the last check. This is important as the network admin will be able to see viruses occur often which could show a weakness in the network. Virus checkers in a network will differ from the ones in a home network. On a network when a virus is encountered, the network admin will be notified and will investigate the virus. Checking for viruses is very important as a virus can jeopardise data within the network which is why the administrator must be notified immediately and eliminate the threat. Whereas at home, people use an antivirus software and carry out scans to check their devices. Frequent file clean ups are necessary to clear up space and organise data correctly. Any temporary files or old files should be deleted as it will not be necessary on the drives. This will free up space for files in the future which will be useful. The network admin should frequently check if the users have enough space on their drives to ensure efficiency. Task 4: Network Security Policy Security is essential in every network, especially for Phoenix. There is a range of security policies that will need to be implemented in the network for it to run efficiently and securely. These procedures will keep sensitive information safe and protect client data. Below I have outlined and covered the security policies that are necessary in any network for it to run smoothly. A firewall is a program that prevents viruses from entering the network. Firewall management is crucial in a network to stop attacks coming into the network. There are many types of attacks that can occur in a network, one type of attack is known as an access attack. This is when a stranger tries to gain information from the network and take control of the network. Another type of attack is a DoS (Denial of Service) attack, this type of attack will affect the systems in the network. This can block employees from accessing their systems which is a setback for the company. ACLs are used to permit or deny access to users throughout the network. The network admin may want a specific group of users to access resources, by adding ACLs the admin can reject access from other groups within the network. This is necessary for Phoenix because it will prevent outsiders from accessing data within the network. The devices in a network must be protected as they contain sensitive data. Hardening is making a device secure and reliable. There are many ways of hardening a device, one way this can be done is by enabling antivirus protection on each device to prevent it from viruses and malware. Another way a device can be more secure is having ACLs put on them, this will stop people from entering them without permission. Securing your devices is crucial in every network to ensure efficiency and reliability. If the device goes down or is hacked it could risk data theft which will setback the company, in this case, Phoenix. This involves reviewing the security policy frequently to ensure that the company is up and running securely. All the security policies are important to the network as they keep it up and running safely. A record should be kept of any threats so the network admin can look out for issues that have occurred in the past, and ensure that they dont happen again. By reviewing all the policies, it will allow the network to run at its optimal performance. Users should have the right permissions on their accounts. The network admin should check the users accounts once a week at least in case some users have rights that they arent supposed to have. This is important for Phoenix as it keeps the company organised and ensures safety by permitting the correct rights to users.

The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence

The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence seem to be higher than anticipated.   In alcohol dependence the problems seem to be more severe than alcohol abuse.   Family history does seem to play an important role in the initiation and progression of alcohol use, along with external factors.   In Western Countries, the incidences of alcohol consumption are higher due to the cultural implications.In these cultures, alcohol use in fact begins during the teenage period. The incidences of alcohol related problems have reduced over the past few decades in the US, due to increased awareness levels.   The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependences are higher in males than females, although females develop it more easily than males.   Alcohol consumption was higher in the Europeans than the American and other communities.During the management of alcohol-related disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence has to be differentiated properly using the DSM-IV-TR c riteria.   Treatment should be initiated after determining the needs of the individual.   It would be logical to provide counseling sessions and motivating the patient to become alcohol-free.   Counseling and short-term administration of medications, play a very important role during treatment.Hospitalization may be required for a few days to help the individual refrain from the habit.   The individual may develop certain symptoms while abstaining from alcohol initially which slowly reduce with time.   The risk of relapses following treatment is very high.   Hence, it would be advisable to keep a constant check on the individual.20 % of the individuals admitted in mental hospitals have suffered either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.   It affects individuals from all socio-economic backgrounds.The prevalence of alcohol dependence in the US Colleges was 6%, and alcohol abuse was 20%.   At least 15000 students die a year due to alcohol disorders.   Alcohol depend ence and alcohol abuse puts the individual at a very high risk to develop depressive disorders, panic disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, mania, schizophrenia, etc (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Alcohol dependence is a condition in which the repeated presence of three out of 7 impairments, alcohol can have over life and normal functioning, during a 12-month period.   The impairments of defects in functioning include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, interference with normal functioning at school, workplace, home or in social setting, physical and psychological symptoms, etc (According to the DSM-IV-TR).There is a difference in withdrawal developing separately and that developing in association with dependence.   Withdrawal symptoms that develop separately can follow a severe course.   When withdrawal is present in relation to depression, a milder course is followed.   Individuals without alcohol dependence may not be considered as alcohol abusers (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).In alcohol abuse, the individual may not be dependent on alcohol but develops a constant problem related to alcohol use during a 12-month period (such as legal, social, work-based and family problems, and using alcohol in dangerous environments).   At least one or two of the 4 areas are present in abuse (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).The DSM-IV-TR code for alcohol abuse is 305.00, and that of alcohol dependence is 303.90.The background characteristics of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence remain the same that is a family history of alcohol misuse or dependence.   It may be as high as 80 %.   The ICD has offered an alternate classification of alcohol dependence.   It suggests 3 out of 6 areas, in difference to the DSM-IV-TR classification of 3 out of 7 areas (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).The prevalence of drinking is relatively high in America, and about 90% of the population drink.   They usually start during early or mid-teens.   About 80% of the people drink when they complete high school.   About 60% go to the extent of intoxicating themselves with alcohol.   On an average, two out of three men drink in the US (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Individuals who are educated and have a higher socio-economic background drink more frequently.   Amongst religious groups, Jewish minorities consume the most, but do not develop alcohol dependence often.Conservative groups drink less compared to liberal groups.   American-Indians drink more quantities of alcohol compared to other groups.   Adults on an average consume about 2.2 gallons of absolute alcohol per annum.   At the time of American Revolution, this figure was as high as 5 gallons.   During the 1970’s, the figures significantly increased as trends were high and awareness was low.A study conducted to determine the long-term effects in about 500 middle-aged males demonstrated that one-fourth to one-third had alcohol-related problems.   One-third drove under the influence of alcohol, and about one-fi fth did not attend to school due to frequent hangovers or disciplinary problems.   However, studies have shown that people tend to learn something out of the less severe alcohol-related problems.Thus, the alcohol-related problems have reduced in the 30’s, 40’s and 50’s age groups.   The life time risk for alcohol dependence is 10 to 15% in males and about 3 to 5 % in females.   Alcohol dependence usually develops in the age group of 20 to 40 years.Thy somehow tend to hold on to their jobs, family relations and social functioning.   If alcohol dependence in teenagers is reported, the incidence of associated antisocial personality disorders is high.   Sometimes alcohol dependence can begin late in life, and in such circumstances is associated with reduced social problems (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Europeans consume the most amount of alcohol a year, especially the northern European countries.   About 90% of the teenagers consume alcohol during their schoo l days.   This rate was much higher compared to the US.   Most Europeans drink by the age of 12 or 13 years.   In Denmark, the incidences of alcohol consumption were particularly high in female teenagers.The incidences of Binge drinking (drinking large amount of alcohol within a short period of time to the extent of intoxication) were high in the UK, Denmark and Ireland.   The main reason for this was merry-making.   The Irish tend to spend the most on drinking, with Denmark a distant second.   Relatively, lower amounts of money were spent on alcohol by people belonging to Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland (Finfacts Ireland, 2007).Throughout history, alcohol has played a role in the economic, social, medicinal, cultural, religious and spiritual sectors of life.   The nomadic Rechabites did not drink wine because they felt that it was associated with bad agricultural habits.   Prophet Mohammed did not allow his devotees to consume alcohol.Ancient Egypt considered al cohol a source of energy and nutrients.   In fact, their alcohol contained several nutritional supplements that helped to treat nutritional deficiency disorders.   Alcohol has been utilized by a medicine by several cultures.   Several studies have demonstrated it effect in lowering the incidences of coronary heart disorders, cancer and bone-degenerative disorders such as osteoporosis.   It had also been during the early days of medicine to control pain during surgeries.   Even today, several alternative forms of medicine use alcohol as a solvent in their medicinal preparations, and also as a painkiller.   Alcohol is often utilized as a social lubricant, and can improve the taste and appetite for food.   Many communities consider that alcohol should not be a problem because it has been misused only by a small number of people.   It was beneficial to greater numbers of the society (Hanson, D. J., 2005).

Salt, Sugar, Fat How The Food Giants Hooked Us - 2196 Words

Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us Analysis â€Å"They (Food Production Corporations) may have salt, sugar, and fat on their side, but we, ultimately, have the power to make choices. After all, we decide what to buy. We decide how much to eat.† (Moss 346). In today’s society, junk food needs no introduction as everyone enjoys the taste of junk food because it is fast, tasty, and affordable but not everyone knows what all goes into their food. Over the years the food industries have drastically changed how food is produced and manufactured. Moss reflects upon the motivations and practices by the food industries which have transformed the American food supply by the use of the three key ingredients, salt, sugar, and fat. Through Michael Moss’s use of rhetorical appeals in his book Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us, he discusses the extraordinary science behind what is considered tasty food, how multinational food companies use the key ingredients, salt sugar, and fat to increase sales and h ow other literary elements can help create trust between the author and audience thus increasing the effect of his arguments. The author of the article, Michael Moss, is a credible writer because he is the author of Salt Sugar Fat, which became a New York Times bestseller. He spent many years researching, studying, and interviewing in order to obtain enough information to write his book which discusses the factors involving the production of processed food. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of The Food Industry1520 Words   |  7 Pagesthe food industry has done to ensure that you get addicted to those chips to the point where you can’t put them down? A very popular brand of chips is Lays. They like to sell their brand by saying You can t eat just one.† The sad thing about this is that it’s true, they are not lying. Now, did Lays actually believe it, or were they just trying to say something catchy that people could remember? You aren’t just getting addicted to the chips, you’re getting addicted to the sugar, fat, and salt putRead MoreHow Junk Food Can End Obesity1498 Words à ‚  |  6 PagesFreedman’s article, â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity† (2013), he begins by discussing his endeavors to search for wholesome food. He continues to come across food items that claim to be healthy and void of processed junk, but all he finds are items high in calories or the expense is too much for an average American. He argues that wholesome foods are actually just as bad, if not even worse, than junk food and that the Big Food industry has the technology available to make food healthier, but stillRead MoreObesity : What Is Eating Me?1218 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional, and socio-economic effects of obesity make it a concern, because it links us to many of the maladies that are killing us. Obesity is a symptom of a more important issue, the manipulation of our food source. We have reached the point in this country where eating a balanced diet does not ensure, nor equate to good nutrition and health. Multinational corporations codify production, and pr ocesses the food that make people unhealthy; at a profit. In essence, what we eat may be what is eatingRead MoreThe National Lunch Program1342 Words   |  6 Pagesoptions, but are they healthy to be serving students for school lunch? All of these foods are common items one might find in a school lunch line, whether it is elementary, middle, or high school. Normally these foods may not be seen as nutritional, and because of this, school lunches are often not viewed as healthy. The people who have this opinion about school lunches may not know the facts and the guidelines that food and nutrition departments need to follow when cooking for students. Thus, it isRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesnà   n!zà º bà  nyà © --bà  nyà © bà  nyà ©là º bà  tà ¡ bà ¡wà ¡nyà © Verbal suffix sg. Beginning, inception, going in, coming in do To enter To peel, pare To be many To dig ground To intoxicate (of wine) = To betroth To be useful, profit, benefit To be stale (of food) To shout at, rebuke, chide, scold To soak (corn etc.) To pare To enter together To be about to enter To enter deeply into, to get worse To rub on chalk To join, enter, go in, to woo, court Verbal suffix sig. within, inside About, concerning, of ToRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesmake electronic notes, and bookmark important passages for later review (www.coursesmart.com). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our thanks go to our professional colleagues who have used one or more editions of this textbook and have provided valuable feedback to us directly, or responded to review requests by our publisher, since the first edition in 1991. The list is too long to provide here, but we hope that all of you will accept our collective, anonymous Thank You! Special thanks also go to academic colleagues

Cultural heritage in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - 1115 Words

The pearl of the Indian Ocean Sri Lanka, reflects a long history of its nations. From the archeological evidence of the prehistoric settlements and prehistoric human Balangoda man (Deraniyagala, 1998) to modern food of kottu like pizza to American; make the broad diversity of culture in Sir Lanka. By analyzing cultural heritage definition in Sinhala language, the definition given in the legislations in 1940, and its relationship with Athens charter and 1954 UNESCO convention, I will demonstrate the cultural heritage vision imbedded in the society through legal definition. Also, I will offer criticisms and recommendations for an improved approach to the definition of cultural heritage in Sri Lanka in broader context. According to the†¦show more content†¦Both movable and immovable property referred in 1940 Ceylon Antiquities convention, shows similarities to categories in UNESCO convention, architecture, buildings, art, books, works of art, archeological sites which are also named as movable and immovable property. While 1940 Ceylon antiquities ordinance referring all of the antiquities of it belong to the crown as an absolute property, the 1954 UNESCO convention uses the similar term as a â€Å"cultural property†. However, 1940 Antiquities Ordinance shows unique significance through nominating trees as an ancient monuments. 4 What vision of cultural heritage is your country recommending to its citizens. The vision imbedded on Sri Lankans (citizens in Ceylon) through this definition was that the British authority had the autonomy about the antiquities or heritage in Sri Lanka and its materialistic perspective of Sri Lanka heritage. 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